道德權利理論與敲詐勒索罪的教義學限縮

當前關於敲詐勒索犯罪的司法認定逐漸呈現“口袋化”跡象。在敲詐勒索罪的限縮認定方面，權利基礎理論提供了有效的思維工具，應作為司法裁判考量的重要因素。與司法機關承認法定權利、否定自然權利與敲詐勒索罪的內部關聯立場不同的是，道德權利是否可以成為限縮敲詐勒索罪認定的根據，理論上存在重大爭議。道德權利具備與法定權利同宗同源的權利屬性，只不過未被制定法所明確列舉載明而已。在經由道德權利主張繼而限縮敲詐勒索罪的路徑方面，應合理詮釋侵權人因違反法定義務而負有“道德過錯”與被侵權人遭受精神損害的條件設定。在此基礎上，基於道德權利主張的前提，可以在行為性質、行為人非法佔有目的、被害人交付財物的真實含義等視角對敲詐勒索罪的認定作教義學限縮，對存在道德權利基礎的勒索取財行為，原則上應排除敲詐勒索罪的適用。上述出罪化立場，應遵循權利主張的個人屬性立場，且以“一次性用盡”原則作為限制條件。

China's current judicial identification of the crime of extortion is gradually turning into a catch-all crime, which shall be treated with vigilance. In terms of the limitation and determination of extortion, the basic theory of rights provides an effective analytical framework and should be considered as an important factor in judicial judgment. Different from the internal relationship between the judicial organs' recognition of legal rights, denial of natural rights and the crime of extortion, whether moral rights can become the basis for the determination of the crime of extortion is a major controversy in theory. In fact, moral rights have the right, attribute of the same origin as legal rights, but they have not been clearly identified in the statute. In terms of the path of limiting the crime of extortion through the claim of moral rights, we should reasonably interpret the conditions for the infringer to bear 'moral fault' and the infringed to suffer mental damage due to the violation of legal obligations. On this basis, based on the premise of moral right claim, we can come to a more stringent interpretation on the identification of the crime of extortion from the perspectives of the nature of the behavior, the purpose of the perpetrators illegal possession, and the true meaning of the victim's delivery of property. This means that, the application of the crime of extortion should be excluded in principle. Of course, such decriminalization should follow the personal attribute position of the claim, and take the principle of 'one-time exhaustion' as the restrictive condition.