刑事程式禁止不利益變更原則及其中國化

2019年余金平交通肇事案引發了我國對禁止不利益變更原則的關注和探討，2021年《最高法解釋》第401條相應確立了“實質不利”的判斷標準。在刑法修訂和犯罪法律後果多元化的背景下，上訴不加刑原則愈發難以回應立法、實務和改革的需求。我國應引入內涵豐富、涵蓋面廣、體系完整的禁止不利益變更原則，僅為被告人利益的上訴或抗訴，法院不得作出不利於被告人的變更。該原則之確立有助於厘清理論誤區，保障被告人權利，推動實體法和程式法的連袂互動和交錯適用，並建構一套邏輯融貫、明晰合理的教義學。一般客觀標準和具體客觀標準相結合的“原則和例外”模式既能為“不利益”的判斷提供規範准據，還能解決特殊個案中的爭議並促進法律的續造。禁止不利益變更原則是整個上訴制度的一部分，應從上訴理由審核制、一部上訴、有限量刑審查等方面綜合研議，繼續推動我國刑事上訴制度的多元化改革。

The Yujinping case adjudicated in 2019 had attracted our attention and prompted discussions on the principle of reformatio in peius, and accordingly, the Supreme People's Court introduced a test of 'substantive prejudice' in Article 401 of the new judicial interpretation of Criminal Procedure Law. In the context of amending the criminal law and pluralizing the effects of criminal violations, the previous principle of ban against increasing punishment in appeals has been unable to meet the theoretical, practical and reformative needs. We must establish the principle of reformatio in peins. which is more meaningful, extensive and systematic, in order to prohibit the appellate court from increasing the punishment if the appeal has been launched only on the defendant’s behalf. Establishing this principle is conducive to clarifying theoretical misconceptions, safeguarding the defendant's right, promoting interactions between criminal law and procedure, and constructing the logic and coherent dogmatics. The mode of combining general and specific objective standards can provide normative guidelines for assessing the 'prejudice', and help adjudicate hard cases and promote the growth of law. As the principle of reformatio in peins is embedded with the entire appellate structure, we must consider such aspects as the leave to appeal, teilanfechtnng, and deferential sentencing review in a comprehensive way.so as to promote the pluralizecl development of China’s criminal appeal system.