先進國家關注之職業衛生議題

Occupational Health Concerns in the Developed Countries

近年，隨著數位化科技與各種新經濟模式的蓬勃發展，各國產業提供民眾更優質的產品與服務。為了降低企業成本及提高效率，亦逐步邁向電腦化、數位化和智慧化的「工業4.0」時代。新型態的科技與經濟模式雖對企業挹注了新契機，卻也衝擊勞動市場及工作型態，使職業衛生領域面臨全新的挑戰。為了提供我國職業衛生政策規劃相關資訊，本研究系統性蒐集先進國家或國際組織職業衛生關注議題及因應對策，期能提供我國施政之參考。本研究鎖定的對象為美國、英國、日本、歐盟及澳洲，期能系統性了解（1）不同國家（國際組織）形成關注議題的機制是什麼？（如何識別風險？）（2）關注議題如何形成優先清單及優先清單是什麼？（3）針對關注議題，有哪些相關計畫、方案或指引？以各對象的官方網站為主，再針對搜尋到的關鍵字進行深入檢索。經研析與彙整，可發現各國主要採取委員會或大型調查方式收集利害相關人意見並形成職業衛生關注議題清單，除提出行業別關注議題之外，亦將跨行業關注議題，如肌肉骨骼疾病、心理壓力、過勞、高齡勞工等普遍列為關注重點，均值得我國參考。此外，針對新興職業衛生議題，如數位化帶來的衛生問題、單獨作業、與顧客溝通、久坐也成為工作場所危害因素高關注程度議題，建議亦納入我國參考，以便及早因應數位化及高齡社會時代帶來的產業、工作型態及勞動人口變遷產生的新興職業衛生問題。

In recent years, with the vigorous development of digital technology and various new economic models, industries in different countries have provided people with better products and services. In order to reduce the business costs and improve the efficiencies of service, many countries have gradually moved towards the ''Industry 4.0'' generation of computerization, digitization, and intelligence. The new technology and business model impact the market of workforce and work pattern. As a result, it brings new challenge on occupational health. To promote workers' health, there are needs to understand how and what the emerging issues are identified in different countries and/or international organizations. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the current policies, strategies, plans, programs or guidelines related to occupational health from various countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, the European Union, and Australia. This study tries to understand (1) What are the mechanisms by which the developed countries (or international organizations) form their occupational health concerns? (How to identify risks?) (2) How do occupational health concerns form a priority list and what occupational health concerns are included in the priority list? (3) What are the relevant plans, programs, or guidelines for occupational health concerns? Through the analysis and compilation of relevant documents and data on occupational health issues in the developed countries, it was found that the lists of occupational health concerns were formed based on the conclusions from committee discussions and/or the findings from large-scale surveys. In addition to focusing on the issues of concern in different industries, attentions have been paid to cross-industry occupational health issues as well, such as musculoskeletal diseases, psychological stress, and overwork. For emerging occupational health issues, there is also a must to assess the possible health effects caused by the digitalization, individual operators, and aging workforce. With the information provided in this study, it will be helpful for our country to respond to the emerging occupational health problems possibly caused by the changes in work patterns, such as digitization and aging workforce.