陳古刺今：陳奐《詩毛氏傳疏》對於〈賓之初筵〉與〈抑〉之「追刺」說的詮釋

"Describing the Past, Criticizing the Present: The“Retrospectively Criticizing”Interpretation of“When Guests First Take Their Seats”and“Yi”in Chen Huan’s The Exegesis of Mao’s Book of Songs"

本文以清代陳奐《詩毛氏傳疏》為研究對象，關注《詩經》學中「美刺」之說的一個延伸論題：追刺。唐代孔穎達《毛詩正義》便已提出此概念以詮釋詩人的寫作目的，並以〈抑〉為「追刺」之詩；而陳奐根據《詩序》，將〈賓之初筵〉與〈抑〉聯繫在一起，同時賦予兩者「追刺」的內涵──即使《毛詩正義》其實並沒有用「追刺」來詮釋〈賓之初筵〉。本文主張：陳奐對此二詩的理解受到歐陽修《詩本義》與朱熹《詩集傳》的影響，此既體現於他對此二詩詩旨融貫性的理解，也體現於他重新詮釋此二首詩的章法結構。在對此二詩的疏解中，除了呈現傳統常見的「陳古之善以刺今之惡」，陳奐亦建立了「陳古之惡以刺今之惡」的概念，擴充「陳古刺今」的意涵，並以詩篇本身「陳古刺今」的結構，強化詩文「自警」的意義，以此支持「追刺」之說的正當性。

"This paper focuses on Chen Huan’s The Exegesis of Mao’s Book of Songs and discusses an extended topic of “eulogizing and criticizing” in Book of Songs, “retrospectively criticizing.” The concept of “retrospectively criticizing” was proposed to capture the purpose of poet’s writing by Kong Yingda, a scholar of the Tang Dynasty, who considered “Yi” as an illustration. During the Qing Dynasty, “Yi” was connected to “When Guests First Take Their Seats” and both were given the “retrospectively criticizing” interpretation by Chen Huan on the basis of the “Great Preface,” even though Kong did not interpret “When Guests First Take Their Seats” as a “retrospectively criticizing” poem. This paper argues that Chen’s united understanding of both poems and his reinterpretation of their structures were influenced by two Song scholars, Ouyang Xiu and Zhu Xi. Chen not only expanded the meaning of “describing the past, criticizing the present” from “describing the good of the past for criticizing the evil of the present” to “describing the evil of the past for criticizing the evil of the present” but also used such insight to accent the meaning of “self-examination” of the poems and to verify the concept of “retrospectively criticizing.”"