從「小道末流」到「經國之大業」——1948-1952年的中國戲曲

On the Xiqu Reform Movement from 1948 to 1952

在中國傳統社會裡，戲曲一直被視為「小道末流」。然而，中國共產黨卻把改造戲曲當做了「經國之大業」。1948 年冬，正在奮力奪取全國政權的中共，在處理戰爭、金融等生死攸關的軍國大計的同時，也關注並開始部署改造戲曲的工作；1949 年中華人民共和國一成立，即推動了一場廣泛的、史無前例的「戲曲改革運動」。運動之初曾經出現大範圍的禁戲，並因此而產生了人為的困境。現實教育了新政權的領導者們，於是採用行政命令制止前述之過激行為。本文不依循既有之研究定式展開論述，而是根據廣泛蒐集所得之原始資料，探尋歷史真相。

"Based on a great deal of original sources, this paper exhibits the historical process of the Xiqu Reform Movement from 1948 to 1952. In traditional Chinese society, xiqu was considered insignificant and inferior. The Communist Party of China (CPC), however, regarded “reforming xiqu” as a great cause for new China. In the striving of seizing the national power in the winter of 1948, the CPC mapped out the Xiqu Reform Movement while dealing with the magnificent matters such as the military and financial issues. Soon after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the CPC initiated to promote the Reform campaign nationwide. In the censorship of traditional xiqu repertoire, the sheer bulk of plays were prohibited. As a result, this caused a very difficult situation for both xiqu performers and xiqu audience. The CPC thus learned a lesson, and then stopped those excessive actions in the Xiqu Reform Movement. "