元雜劇中「駕」之使用與演變

The Usage and Evolution of ''Jia'' in Yuan Zaju

帝王的人生總有常人難及的榮華富貴與驚心動魄，故其不只是在歷史記錄中，也是野史雜說中繪聲繪影的人物，更是戲台上津津樂道的主角，在元雜劇中，便有不少扮演帝王的戲劇。在元雜劇中，一般以「駕」指示帝王之扮演。「駕」之作為類腳色以指示搬演，在元代刊鈔本、明代宮廷本，與《元曲選》三個不同階段的元雜劇版本中，有其不同的使用狀況，這不但反映了不同時期的腳色體製觀念，也突顯了元明兩代帝王戲的演出與存在現實。在現存最早的元代刊鈔本雜劇中，將近一半的劇本曾經出現「駕」上場的記錄，然而，到了明代宮廷本與《元曲選》中，「駕」的出現卻大大的減少，不但原有使用「駕」演出的劇本遺佚了，也有不少劇本中刪減了「駕」出場的情節，其手法或為直接翦除場景以唸白帶過，或令殿頭官、使者等官員代為宣旨，或者只選擇帝王登基前的故事，這些做法應與明代禁演帝王相關戲劇的法令有直接的關係。

The life of an emperor always has the prosperity and thrills that common people can't reach. Therefore, it is the character whom wrote not only in the official history, but also in the unofficial history and fiction. It is also the protagonist on the stage. In Yuan Zaju, there are many plays that related to emperors. In Yuan Zaju, the role of emperor is generally indicated by ''Jia''. The role of ''Jia'' is used to instruct the performance. There are different usages in the three stages of Yuan Zaju versions. These three versions are the Yuan Dynasty publication, the Ming Dynasty court edition, and the ''Yuan Qu Xuan''. This not only reflects the concept of role system in different periods, but also highlights the reality of performance and existence of imperial operas in Yuan and Ming dynasties. Among the earliest Yuan Dynasty publication, nearly half of the scripts have a record of ''Jia''. However, in the court edition of the Ming Dynasty and the ''Yuan Qu Xuan'', the appearance of ''Jia'' has been greatly reduced. Moreover, the original script that used ''Jia'' to perform has been lost, and many scripts have deleted the plot of ''Jia''. Some of the methods used are to directly delete the scene and replace it with dialogue, or order some officials to read the imperial decree instead. Or just choose the story before that person becomes the emperor. These practices should be directly related to the Ming Dynasty’s prohibition on dramas.