青年的過度教育：基於PIAAC數據的跨國比較分析

Over-Education of Youth Generation in OECD Countries: The Comparative Study Based on PIAAC

教育經濟學家將過度教育視為在勞動力市場中個人所獲得的學歷高於個人實際從事職業所需最低學歷的現象，從宏觀的角度來看，這種現象一定程度的反映出教育系統與就業市場中出現難以銜接的落差。為進一步探討過度教育的成因與情形，本研究使用經濟合作暨發展組織（OECD）於2013年釋出的國際成人技能評量計畫（Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, PIAAC）數據，依數據完整性選取13個國家為研究範圍，比較各國25至34歲青年族群與其他年長族群出現過度教育可能性的差異，並分析青年族群個人出現過度教育的原因。對照其他年齡族群，首先在學歷與能力的差異方面，結果顯示各國青年普遍有較高的可能性取得大學以上學歷，但在數學能力與語文能力層面卻未必有相同優勢；進一步檢視出現過度教育的情況，發現青年相對普遍更可能出現過度教育現象。最後，本研究進一步比較影響具大學以上學歷青年出現過度教育的因素，經歸納其中邏輯式迴歸模型適配的7個國家分析結果發現，在性別方面，女性青年相較男性青年出現過度教育的可能性並不如理論預期般普遍；工作經驗的增加與個人出現過度教育的關係亦存在分歧並非絕對；另在個人專長領域與能力對個人出現過度教育的影響上，多數國家則有近似的情況，理工農醫領域者產生過度教育的可能性相對低於非理工農醫領域者，而當個人數學與語文能力越佳時，出現過度教育的可能性也較低。

Overeducation is defined as the situation where an individual's educational level is higher than the required level he/she needs to have for the current occupation. From a macro perspective, this phenomenon partially reflects the disconnection between education systems and the labor market. To explore the factors causing personal overedcuation, this study used Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) data surveyed by OECD in 2013 to investigate the evidence for graduate underemployment in 13 OECD countries. Using the index of graduate jobs, this study finds that compared to the senior generation, the 25~34-year-old youth generation has a higher proportion of the population with a bachelor’s degree and above but does not guarantee better numeracy or literacy ability. Additionally, results from the logistic regression show that the youth generation has a higher possibility of being classified as overeducated compared to their elderly generation. Lastly, based on the empirical findings derived from seven countries with good model fit in the logistic regression, we found that for the youth generation, the effect of gender as well as working experience on the over-education varies by country. It is very common across countries that the youth whose professionals background is in STEM would less likely be overeducated. The results also confirm that the higher score in numeracy and literacy can reduce the possibility of being classified as overeducated.