聲譽制裁的當代圖景與法治建構

聲譽制裁是公權力主體披露相對人負面信息、降低相對人社會評價的行為。在通報批評等「一事一議」的傳統形式之外，聲譽制裁在政府信息公開、企業信息公示與社會信用體系建設等制度的掩映下，以常態化的違法事實公佈、負面信息記入信用檔案和向相對人施以各類負面標簽等形式自動化、普遍性地展開。聲譽制裁存在信息範圍過廣、制裁效果過重、修復難度過大等問題，結構性地壓縮了行政裁量空間以及寬容、激勵等制度的空間。公權力主體應當將「保護相對人聲譽」作為重要的公法價值，扭轉針對相對人聲譽信息以「披露為原則、不披露為例外」的現實作法;限縮聲譽制裁的適用範圍，選擇恰當的聲譽制裁形式;設置有意義的程序裝置，保障相對人的程序性權利;完善聲譽修復與救濟機制，保護相對人未來發展的能力。

A reputational sanction is a regulatory tool in the form of disclosing negative information to reduce the social reputation of private parties. The reputational sanction system has been developed nationally in the wake of construction of government information publicity system, enterprise information disclosure system and social credit system. Besides those traditional ways like circulating criticisms, reputation sanctions are imposed upon private parties through a number of new means including disclosures of illegal activities, documentation of negative personal information in credit files and the use of negative labels. Problems brought about by reputational sanctions include inappropriate disclosures of personal information, excessive reputational damages and difficulties to rebuild and renew tarnished personal images. The reputational sanction system has narrowed the scope of administrative discretion, and structurally squeezed the space of tolerance and incentive systems. Therefore, the government should deem ''reputation protection for private parties'' as a vital value of public law, set up a legal threshold of reputational sanctions, select appropriate forms of reputational sanctions, create effective legal procedural mechanisms for reputation protection and constantly improve the existing system of reputation repairs and remedies.