敢將天壤怨王郎──明清才女的婚姻書寫及文化動因

Daring to Blame Wang within Heaven and Earth: Marriage Writing by Talented Females in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Its Cultural Motivations

婚姻生活是古代女性書寫中最常見的題材之一，在明清才女涉及婚姻的作品中，常表露出所適非偶的憤懣，尤其是「天壤王郎」之歎，嫁給有身心缺陷之夫、備受虐待的才女自不待言，與夫婿缺乏精神共鳴或因夫婿懷才不遇而生活困窘的才女，同樣會在作品中或直白或隱晦地表達此類感受。才女婚姻的不幸不能簡單歸咎為不合理的婚姻制度，更不是才女人生多艱的「宿命」。明清時期女性交遊的擴展為才女性別意識的覺醒提供了更多機會，她們透過「天壤王郎」的不幸婚姻，思考女性在男性中心社會中的命運，並發之於詩歌。至於所適非偶的才女軼事及相關作品的傳播，明清文人尤其是失意文人發揮了重要作用，才色俱佳的薄命女子既滿足了他們的獵奇心理，也有他們懷才不遇的自我投射。而文人對夫婦能詩的理想婚姻的追求、對薄命才女的刻意彰顯形成一種社會風氣，又轉而加深對女性的影響，對才女自傷自憐起到推波助瀾的作用。透過「天壤王郎」之歎理解女性創作心理，進而把握其話語本質，有助於還原更為全面真實的女性文學史。

Married life is a common theme in female writings from the past. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, talented females expressed resentment over marrying the wrong man with the sigh of tianrang wanglang天壤王郎(How can there be a husband such as Wang [Ningzhi] in the world!). This sentiment was articulated both directly and indirectly in the writings of talented females who married disabled husbands, suffered spousal abuse, lacked spiritual resonance with their husbands, or experienced hardships due to their husbands' failures. The marital misfortunes endured by many talented females cannot simply be attributed to unreasonable marriage institutions or to fate. Instead, the expansion of opportunities for female social intercourse increased gender awareness among the talented females of the Ming and Qing. As a result of their miserable tianrang wanglang marriages, they often reflected on female destiny within patriarchal society, and expressed their feelings through poetry. The literati of the Ming and Qing, particularly those who were frustrated with their own circumstances, played an important role in the spread of anecdotes and other writings that depicted talented females trapped in disappointing marriages. These literati circulated such writings not only because the beauty and talent of these unfortunate women satisfied their curiosity, but also because they oftentimes experienced similar frustrations. Moreover, the literati's pursuit of a marriage ideal in which their wives accompanied them in the composition of poetry, together with their depictions of ill-starred women, gave rise to a new social atmosphere that deeply influenced talented females and moved them to take pity on themselves. Analyzing the motivations informing female writings by focusing on the sigh of tianrang wanglang helps us better understand the essence of their words and their authorial mentality, as well as develop a more comprehensive and authentic view of female literary history.