漢語方言「老鼠，耗子，老蟲」等說法的分布及溯源

The Origins and Distribution of Laoshu, Haozi, Laochong, and Related Expressions in Modern Chinese Dialects

本文以《漢語方言地圖集》詞彙卷034圖為基礎，把老鼠的說法分為「鼠」類、「耗」類、「蟲」類、「客」類和「其他」五大類。其中「鼠」類詞形占總方言點數的79%，主要表現形式是唐代興起的雙音詞「老鼠」，分佈在除東北和西南的大部分地區。「耗」類詞形約占非「鼠」類詞形方言點數的76%，主要分佈在「鼠」類詞形分佈區的東北、西南兩翼，即東北地區（包括毗鄰的京津、冀北、晉北）和西南地區，其主要表現形式是「耗子」，可以追溯到明代鼠借稅名的「鼠耗」。大概因為「鼠耗」有歧義，又跟常見動物名稱的構詞法不同，很快就產生了「耗鼠」、「耗蟲」、「夜耗子」等一系列的變異形式，「耗子」當為「夜耗子」的省稱，首先興起於遼寧一帶，後隨滿清入關擴散至京津及其周邊地區。清代西南邊疆礦產資源的開發也造成了一個新的「耗子」連續分佈區。「老蟲」主要見於姑蘇一帶以及南昌縣及其周邊的若干贛方言點，是新、舊詞形（耗蟲、老鼠）的截搭形式，萬曆二十八年（1600）刊刻的《雪濤閣集》已記錄了姑蘇方言的這一創新。

On the basis of Map 034 in the vocabulary volume of the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects漢語方言地圖集, this article divides the different terms for mouse into five major categories: the shŭ鼠category, the hào耗category, the chóng蟲category, the kè客category, and the category of other (qita其他). Words in the shŭcategory cover over 79% of the total number of instances in dialects. The major pattern found in this category is represented by the term lăoshŭ老鼠, a double-syllable word that first appeared in the Táng Dynasty. Lăoshŭis distributed in most regions except for the Northeast and the Southwest. Words belonging to the hào category cover 76% of non-shŭcategory dialect instances. The terms in this category are mainly distributed in the northeastern and the southwestern parts of the shŭcategory regions, i.e. the Northeast (including neighboring regions such as Bĕijīng-Tiānjīn, the north of Hébĕi and the north of Shānxī) and the Southwest. The major pattern found in this category is exemplified by hàozi耗子; its provenance can be traced back to the Míng dynasty when the tax term shŭhào鼠耗was borrowed from the name mouse (shŭjièshuìmíng鼠借稅名). Perhaps because the word shŭhào was ambiguous, and different from the usual constructions used in animal names, a series of different forms soon appeared including hàoshŭ耗鼠, hàochóng耗蟲and yèhàozi夜耗子. Hàozi is most likely the simplified version of yèhàozi, which was first used in the Liáoníng area, and which then spread to Bĕijīng-Tiānjīn and surrounding regions with the Manchurian invasion. The exploitation of mineral resources in the Southwest frontier regions during the Qīng dynasty also led to the development of a new continuous distribution area for the term hàozi耗子. The word lăochóng老蟲is mainly found in the Sūzhōu area, Nánchāng county and a few surrounding locations that speak the Gàn dialect. It is a blend of a new and an old word form (hàochóng耗蟲and lăoshŭ老鼠). In the twentyeighth year of the Wànlì萬曆reign (1600), the Xuĕtāo Pavilion Collection雪濤閣集recorded this new portmanteau word from the dialect of the Sūzhōu area.