上古至中古「應」之情態語義與時間標記發展重探

A Re-examination of the Development of the Modal and Temporal Meanings of Ying from Old to Middle Chinese

「應」與「當」同為魏晉南北朝時期常用的情態動詞，二者均可同時表達道義情態及認識情態，某些用例則可歸為未來時。由於「應」所表達的情態類型與未來時與「當」相近，且出現在「當」大量使用之後，因此，研究中古情態動詞的學者在分析「應」的情態動詞發展及用法時往往將之與「當」進行比較，並指出二詞有許多相似之處。關於「當」由動詞發展為情態動詞及未來時標記的途徑已有許多學者做了相當深入的研究，關於「應」的研究則較為少見。本文深入探討「應」由上古到中古的各類語義及用法發展，所得的結論是，先秦之「應」與「膺」為通假字，動詞「應」的本義是由人體部位「膺」在身前的這個特徵引申為表示「面對」及對於面對對象所採取的某種回應動作或行為。根據語境中所面對的對象不同及所採取的回應行為不同，「應」可引申出「承受」、「打擊」、「應付」、「回答」、「順應」及「相應」等各種不同語義。其中「相應」義在後接VP時，於不同的語境中分別引申出道義情態及認識情態。至於「應」所表達的兩類時間標記功能，其中表「立即」義者是由動詞「應」的迅速或立即反應義引申而來，表「即將」義者則是受當時情態語義及用法均與之相近的「當」的影響類化而來。最後，本文也比較西漢新興情態動詞與先秦情態動詞語義發展的異同。

Ying應and dang當are both modal verbs that were commonly used during the Wei魏, Jin晉and Southern and Northern dynasties. Both verbs can express deontic and epistemic modality, and in some cases they can be classified as a future marker. Since the types of modality and future meaning expressed by ying are similar to those of dang, and constructions where ying appears after dang are frequently used, scholars studying modal verbs in Middle Chinese have often compared the development and usage of ying with dang, and pointed out that the two words have many similarities. Many scholars have done in-depth research on the development of dang from verbs to modal verbs and future markers. Yet, research on ying is rare. This article investigates the development of the various meanings and usages of ying from Old to Middle Chinese. The conclusion reached from this investigation is that the original meaning of the verb ying was derived from the character ying, or breast. Since ones ying (breast) is situated at the front of the body, the verb ying was extended to indicate ''face'' as well as a kind of responsive action or behavior towards an object. Depending on the context and the responsive behavior, ying could be further extended to mean ''bearing,'' ''strike,'' ''handle,'' ''answer,'' ''adaptation,'' or ''correspondence.'' When the meaning ''correspondence'' is followed by VP, ying can induce both deontic and epistemic modality in