從外部視角比較《傷寒論》與《紅樓夢》的身世

Comparing the Experience of ''Shang Han Lun'' and ''Honglou Meng'' from an External Perspective

一般在研讀著作時，可採取二種視角進行探究，一種是內部視角，亦即研究分析的焦點放在文章內容上；而另一種是外部視角，視線重點擺在作者與書籍本身所處的時空環境，相當於把書籍本身當成一個人，探討它所經歷的事件。本文透過文獻資料的整理，從外部視角比較《傷寒論》與《紅樓夢》，發現二部書在身世有著許多相似之處。例如，民國初年的大學問家章太炎與胡適分別對《傷寒論》與《紅樓夢》的作者進行考證。《傷寒論》與《紅樓夢》各有不同版本的流傳，甚或有流傳至國外的版本。在學術思想繼承方面，《傷寒論》以論廣的方式繼承《湯液經》；《紅樓夢》則以超越的方式繼承《金瓶梅》。在文字避諱方面，《傷寒論》作者沒有特別避諱文字，而是後世傳抄者因所處時代的諱禁而避；《紅樓夢》作者在文中不避國諱或家諱，但小說中的人物卻遵循家諱禁忌。張仲景家族遭遇了傷寒疾病的打擊；曹雪芹的家族則是受到政治上的抄家。二書對後世的影響方面，《傷寒論》如同探照燈照亮了後世醫家的途徑；《紅樓夢》則如同聚光燈，匯集了中國文學上種種的文學寫作形式，並形成了「紅學」。

In general, two perspectives can be used to explore a book. One is the internal perspective, that is, the focus of the research analysis is on the content of the article; the other is the external perspective, the focus is on the author and the book itself. The era of time and the space-time environment experienced by different versions of books are equivalent to treating the book itself as a person and discussing the events it has experienced. In this paper, through the collation of literature, we find that ''Shang Han Lun'' and ''Honglou Meng'' have many similarities in life experience from an external perspective. Zhang Taiyan and Hu Shi, in the early Republic of China, examined the authors of ''Shang Han Lun'' and ''Honglou Meng'' respectively. There are different versions of ''Shang Han Lun'' and ''Honglou Meng'', or even versions that have spread to foreign countries. In terms of inheritance of academic thoughts, ''Shang Han Lun'' inherits ''Tangye Jing'' in a broad way; ''Honglou Meng'' inherits ''Jinpingmei'' in a transcendental way. In terms of textual taboos, the author of ''Shang Han Lun'' did not specifically taboo texts, but the descendants of later avoided due to taboos of their time; the author of ''Honglou Meng'' did not avoid national or family textual taboos, but the characters in the novel did follow taboos. Zhang Zhongjing's family was hit by typhoid fever; Cao Xueqin's family was politically hit. In terms of the impact of the two books, ''Shang Han Lun'' is like a searchlight that illuminates the way for later medical doctors; ''Honglou Meng'' is like a spotlight, bringing together various formats of literary writing in Chinese literature and forming a ''Redology''.