性別化的傷疤效果？檢視非典型工作經驗對於臺灣受雇者日後進入典型工作可能性的影響

Is There Gender Difference in the Scar Effect? Examining Effects of Nonstandard Work Experience on Next Employment Status of Employed Workers in Taiwan

過去研究指出，非典型工作經驗可能為求職者扮演著踏腳石的角色，搭起了一座有助於取得典型工作的橋樑；非典型工作也有可能是一個陷阱、死胡同、或是傷疤，不利於求職者之後取得典型工作。其中，橋樑說、陷阱說和傷疤效果對於求職者的影響，也可能存在著性別差異，在兩性工作者身上存在著不同效果。有別於目前相關研究常僅使用前一份工作的雇用身份來檢視工作經驗對於未來工作身份的影響，本研究在前一份工作的雇用身份之外，還加上了先前的工作經驗，同時檢視前一份工作身份所帶來的直接影響效果，和先前工作經驗所帶來的間接影響效果。本研究使用臺灣社會變遷基本調查2017年中的工作史調查資料，檢視臺灣的非典型勞動到底是符合橋樑說還是陷阱說論點，以及非典型工作經驗的影響是否有性別差異，並探討婚姻狀態和生育狀態等家庭角色，是否會影響受雇者進入日後雇用身份的可能性。本研究發現在西元2000年之後女性進入非典型工作的可能性逐漸增加。而在受雇者的工作流動部分，則支持傷疤效果和陷阱說的觀點，但發現前一份工作身份為非典型工作者，與先前從事非典型工作經驗為受雇者帶來不利於進入典型工作的影響，則是出現在女性受雇者身上，存在著性別化的陷阱說和傷疤效果現象。

In the literature of the effects of nonstandard work experience on employed workers' future career development, hypothesis of bridge or stepping stone views nonstandard work experience as a bridge or a stepping stone to lead employed workers to acquire standard jobs. On the other hand, the entrapment hypothesis views nonstandard work experience as a trap to hinder workers in nonstandard jobs or lead to unemployment. Another argument, the scar effect, resembles the entrapment hypothesis. The scar effect argues that past employment status operates as a scar which impedes workers to acquire career advancement or labor outcomes. This study used previous employment status and past work experience to measure employed work experience. We used work history data from 2017 Taiwan Social Change Survey to examine whether there is gender difference in the bridge or entrapment hypothesis of nonstandard work experience and in the effect of family status on next employment status of Taiwanese employed workers. More Taiwanese female workers entering nonstandard jobs than male workers after 2000. Findings supported the entrapment hypothesis and the scar effect. The effects of previous nonstandard employment status and past nonstandard work experience affected female workers by increasing their probabilities to get next nonstandard jobs.