憲法「健康權」法概念之構築

The Study on Construction of the Constitutional “Right to Health” Legal Concept

人的生命與健康，是個人生存與自由最主要的基礎，本文先就健康的意涵進行討論，依據世界衛生組織（WHO）對於健康所下的定義為，健康係指一個人生理與精神上以及社會關係良好的完全狀態，不只是無、病痛或虛弱的狀態；而世界人權宣言第25條第1項規定：「人人有權享受為維持他本人和家屬的健康和福利所需的生活水準，包括食物、衣著、住房、醫療和必要的社會服務；在遭到失業、疾病、殘廢、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情況下喪失謀生能力時，有權享受保障」；另外，聯合國經濟社會文化權利國際公約第12條第（d）款所稱「本公約締約各國為充分實現此一權利（按即健康權）而採行的步驟，應包括為達到下列目標所需的步驟：……（d）創造保證人人在患病時能得到醫療照顧的條件」。次者，如從憲法的觀點，則健康權的意涵包括了自由權與受益權，以及國家對於國民健康之保護義務，本文就此嘗試，全面建構健康權法律內涵的制度框架。

A person’s life and health are the most important basis for individual survival and freedom. This study discussed the meaning of health at the beginning. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. And Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 25, “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control”. As mentioned in Article 12(d) of the International Covenant on Economic, “Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of the United Nations. The steps to betaken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: … (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness”. From the constitutional point of view, the meaning of the right to health includes the right to freedom and the right to benefit. And the state’s obligation to protect national health. This article attempts to build a comprehensive legal framework for right to health.