論燕行文獻的特性與價值──以清書、清語與滿漢關係為中心

Manchu Script, Manchu Language, and the Manchu-Han Relationship: The Characteristics and Value of the China Mission Record

晚近學界益發關心燕行文獻，相關研究成果迭出。與此同時，部分學者指出學界欠缺對於史料本身的研究，呼籲系統地整理燕行文獻，揭示史料可能產生的問題。本文旨在透過具體的個案，探討、反省燕行文獻的結構，呈現其特性與問題，選定的主題是朝鮮使者眼中的清書、清語與滿漢關係。朝鮮使者是少數能夠寓居北京，進入紫禁城謁見清朝皇帝的特殊群體。本文梳理燕行文獻關於「滿洲」的記述，依序討論朝鮮知識人如何描寫滿洲語文、滿洲風俗、滿漢差異，以及研究者應如何理解、詮釋朝鮮燕行使對於各種滿洲特性的觀察。朝鮮使者意識到，滿洲語文是清朝的特色，這不僅是官方通行的國語，同時在朝貢過程中發揮保密防諜的效果。朝鮮使者對滿洲人的記述雖然珍貴，但某些見聞必須考量歷史、文化的因素，如朝鮮知識人筆下的「滿漢關係」往往先入為主地認定滿人欺壓漢人，中國史家利用朝鮮史料必須有所警覺。其次，清朝皇帝與滿洲人面對朝鮮使者時，之所以樂於說滿洲話，必須考慮到旗人不乏「朝鮮人子孫」。最後，本文透過「史實」、「文獻」兩個層次，釐清應用燕行文獻探討滿洲特性時，存在哪些問題。筆者認為域外文獻不應僅止於中外關係史的話題，其中的問題正有待中國史家積極涉入。

ission Record (Yānxíng Wénxiàn 燕行文獻) that leads to an outpouring of new research. Some scholars have already pointed out that the lack of research on these documents and called for a classification of them to reveal some possible issues. This article aims to concretize the characteristics and raise issues of the China Mission Record by exploring and reflecting on its structure through specific cases. I will discuss the Manchu alphabet, the Manchu language, and the Manchu-Han relations from the perspective of the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys. This paper examines the Manchuness of the Qing Dynasty during the 17th and 18th century. My analysis is divided into two parts and followed by a brief summary and reflection. The first part attempts to investigate the Chosŏn intellectuals' depictions of the Manchu language, the Manchu customs, and the differences between the Manchu and Han cultures. The second part aims at suggesting some possible ways of understanding and interpreting the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys' observations of the Manchuness. This paper stresses that the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys were aware of the use of the Manchu language in the Qing court that differed from the language used in the Ming court. As an iconic feature of the Qing dynasty, the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys realized that the Manchu language not only served as an official language but also an important tool for concealing information from hostile spies of some tributary states. When analyzing the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys' observations on the Manchu culture, it is necessary to take historical and cultural factors into account. For instance, the Chosŏn intellectuals sometimes perceived the relationship between the Manchus and the Han as unidirectional oppression. Additionally, considering that some Manchus were descendants of the Chosŏn, Qing emperors and officials were more than willing to use the Manchu language when dealing with the Chosŏn diplomatic envoys. In a word, in order to resolve the differences between historical facts and secondary literature, it is necessary for researchers to further investigate and critically analyze the descriptions and observations in the China Mission Record.