元明易代與天下重塑──洪武朝賓禮的出現及其意義

The Reformation of the Chinese World Order between Yuan and Ming: The Emergence of Guest Ritual in Early Ming and its Significance

本文透過分析洪武賓禮的出現與特色，以說明元明易代於近世東亞秩序形成的意義，同時揭示域外與蒙元典制等因素是如何左右明初對外禮儀秩序的形成。論文首先交代洪武二年（1369）〈蕃王朝貢禮〉的出現，乃由於蒙元「慶賀聖節拈香」殘留於高麗而促成，「朝賀」因而從「行省」轉「域外」。接著，則剖析「朝貢」的核心──「朝會」與「朝見」，從班位、習儀、禮儀、丞相與皇太子的重視均見太祖如何在繼承蒙元混一天下的佈局中，鞏固丞相、皇太子、諸王的權威以建構其理想的政治秩序。最後指出《大明集禮》在《經世大典》「朝貢」與「遣使」的關聯下，將宋、元、明一脈相承的遣使禮儀禮典化，且透過太祖《蕃國儀注》等對外頒賜，因而構築成為近世東亞的國際禮儀秩序，並深入改變琉球、朝鮮的政治文化。

This article analyzes the formation of the international order in East Asia through studying the emergence of guest ritual in early Ming. It is an attempt to reveal the importance of Mongol's legacies, the neighboring countries and relevant factors in shaping the Chinese world order. The emergence of the guest ritual in 1369 was triggered by the rites of celebrating Emperor's birthday that remained in the Koryo court. The request of King Gongmin made the celebration transform into a part of the guest ritual. In addition, there were similarities of the assembly between Yuan and Ming in arranging the position of foreign delegates, the venue of learning ritual, the procedure of the ceremony, and the emphasis on the counsellor-in-chief and the crown prince, proved that Ming Taizu has not only inherited the main framework of Mongol's influence but also tried to build his ideal order by consolidating the authority of the counsellor-in-chief, the crown prince, and the princes. Finally, the Collected Rituals of the Grant Ming succeeded the concept of diplomatic mission from the Great Statutes of Statecraft. It constitutionalized the rites of diplomatic mission, and established the etiquette and ritual order in East Asia by exporting rites like Bunkukuiju to Korea and Ryukyu.