從馬克思的「人性論」談對社會變遷之影響

Marx' s Conception of Human Nature and Its Impact on the Later Development of the Theories of Social Transformation

馬克思的人性論在哲學基本上受到康德、費希特、謝林、黑格爾的觀念論，即具有浪漫主義以及唯心主義的影響，進而相信開物成務、利用厚生、人與自然，人與人，人與其本身的互動。在費爾巴哈「種類本質」的影響下，馬克思建立了人本主義思想。雖然晚年不再用種類種性等名詞，但馬克思基本上仍然是一位人本主義者、人道主義者。其所主張的目標在人性、自由、平等信念下追求「人的解放」，其人性論對社會變遷具有導引作用，值得研究與分析其理論影響。 青年時期的馬克思受到黑格爾唯心辯證哲學的影響，再受到費爾巴哈唯物主義的薰陶，中年以後領悟到英國政治經濟學以及資本主義弊端，因之他早年主張的人性異化轉變到社會制度的剝削。本文就從其人性觀談起，介紹馬克思基本哲學信念，在社會演進變遷中研究人性的衝突，進而分析人性的價值。至於根深蒂固的具人文、人道及人本主義的馬克思，提供人性之變化和社會衝突對社會變遷影響原因，透過齊默爾詮釋衝突理論來瞭解馬克思階級衝突的分析，最後回來檢討馬克思人性觀對其後社會學理論的影響。

Karl Marx's view of human nature was affected by Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. It was Feuerbach who discussed man's species-being which Marx adopted. He then changed himself from a true believer of Hegel's spiritualism into a follower of Feuerbach's philosophical anthropology, and thus formed his earlier idea of humanism. Obviously, Marx's conception of man was mainly developed under the influence of two thinkers, Hegel and Feuerbach. All his life he did his best to pursue the human emancipation. His view of human nature became the guide of his lifelong struggle for the change and transformation of oppressive social institutions. Thus, it is worthy to take an analysis and study of his idea. The young Marx appreciated Hegel's dialectical method and absorbed Feuerbach's materialism, which had tremendous impact on his mature thought. Marx also acknowledged Hegel's contribution to the exposition of the concept of alienation, which turned out to be the new concept of exploitation in his later years. This paper aims to explain his theory of human nature and its implications for the analysis of social conflict, and the transformation of social institutions.