資本主義的演進與政府介入公共事務的轉變

The Evolution of Capitalism And The Change of Interference of Government with Public Affairs

本研究以資本主義的演進來討論政府或國家的作為與不作為之改變，並試圖以理性選擇學派的理論架構，來解釋這些作為與不作為之改變。吾人將先行討論資本主義的分期，然後分析各分期中，政府所扮演角色與介入方式的轉變，以及其對於政治面與經濟面的影響。預計從早期資本主義，也就是重商主義(mercantilism)的基本看法開始分析，經由中期或盛期資本主義主張政府放任市場自由經濟的論點，認為最小的政府就是最好的政府，造成私部門過於龐大及壟斷的現象，直到社會主義所主張之政府服務的需求，以及要求政府積極作為介入的呼籲。接著討論晚期資本主義政府的介入方式，並論述政府介入方式所造成的缺點與後果，同時提出公共選擇與公共服務的觀點，因為服務的提供者（政府）與服務的消費者（人民）的立足點不同、想法不同，以致於提供的服務與需求亦不同，導致服務的需求與服務的供給脫節而無法配合，遂反而造成晚期資本主義在政治經濟協調上的更大問題。 於是當代資本主義的政府服務與供給，開始轉變成為多樣化、多角度的服務，不僅僅由負面的態度分析私人企業財富累積，考量其所造成的貧富不均現象；或是企圖壓抑民間企業的膨脹，來維護所謂社會的公平與正義，而是真正地利用民間或民營所發揮的強大效能、商業靈活性與服務提供的多樣性，來代替由傳統官僚體系造成的僵化、無法變通的政府部門，提供一些原來應屬於政府部門必須提供的服務，正如近來非常受到矚目與重視的民間參與。並討論政府角色與民間參與定位之演化轉變以及其在方法論上的分析模式。

This study focuses on discussing the changes of what the government or the nation should or shouldn't do through the evolution of capitalism. In addition, it tries to explain the changes by using the framework of rationalism. I will first discuss the individual periods of capitalism and then analyze the changes of the government's role and its interference, as well as the influence on politics and economics during the periods. I plan to start analyzing the viewpoint from the earlier capitalism, mercantilism. Through the middle and glorious periods of capitalism, which claimed that the government should adapt laissez faire policy for the market and that the smallest government is the best, it causes the enormousness and monopoly of the private department, till socialism proclaimed the need of government service and called for the active interference of the government. Then, I will discuss the interference of the government in the laetst period of capitalism, and state the defects and results of government interference. In the meantime, I will propose the viewpoint of public choice and public service. Because the providesr---the government and the consumer and people of service have different standpoints and thoughts, it results in the variety of services and needs, which causes the service disconnection of supply and demand. As a result, it produces a great deal problems in political negotiation during the final period of capitalism. Therefore, governments service and supply in contemporary capitalism start to transform to diversity. From the negative side, I analyze the culmination of private enterprise wealth, considering the unequal distribution of wealth caused,or try to protect so called social justice and righteousness by repressing the expansion of private enterprises. On the contrary, by using the gigantic effectiveness, flexibility and diversity from private enterprises, it replaces rigid departments under the traditional bureaucracy and the planning economy and offers the service that the government should provides, just like the private participation, the focus of attention recently. Finally, I will treat the change in the government's role and the orientation of private involvement, together with the analytic mode of its approach.