社會主義國家「傳播失靈」現象的組織社會學分析－－以中國及前蘇聯為例

'Communication Failure' Phenomena in the Socialist Countries from the Perspective of Organizational Sociology: A Case Study of China and the Soviet Union

「傳播失靈」指特定社會系統下由於結構性的功能缺失所引起的資訊短缺、傳遞失真或扭曲現象。從組織社會學的角度考察，社會主義體制下的傳播失靈是其組織體系的內在特徵所決定的。龐大的黨—國科層體系，複雜的委託代理鏈條以及嚴密的權力等級控制都使社會主義的資訊傳遞系統發生扭曲。本文通過對前蘇聯與中國等社會主義國家組織結構的分析，來探討「傳播失靈」現象與社會主義體制間的內在關聯，從而深化我們對社會主義國家政治與傳播系統本質特徵的認識。

'Communication failure' refers to information shortage or distortion in communication caused by the structural deficits in specific social systems. It is very common in socialist systems based on the study of the history and the reality of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China. From the perspective of organizational sociology, communication failure is determined by the intrinsic structural characteristics of the socialist systems. The intrinsic structural characteristics, leading to the distortion of information communication system, include the huge party-national hierarchy system, a complex agent chain, and strict control of the power hierarchy. Being lack of independent information channels/organizations causes the problem of communication failure hard to be solved in the socialist systems. It is communication failure which is the symbiosis of the socialist systems that lead to the socialist countries into governance dilemma. Democracy and freedom of the press is the fundamental path to overcome the dilemma. Combination of the regular elections and competitive political parties and the independent media can overcome the communication failure to the fullest extent possible.