海洋保護區治理的公平議題及其平等論述

Equity concerns of MPA governance and the discussions

海洋保護區為全世界重要的海洋資源保育區劃管理工具之一（area-based management tools），現有的研究文獻已證實海洋保護區對海洋生態資源養護的正面效益，重要的國際文書也不斷提醒透過劃設海洋保護區來養護海洋資源之必要。隨著海洋保護區數量與劃設面積的增加，海洋保護區之有效性成為重要議題。而海洋保護區之海洋資源養護效度，與海洋使用者是否支持保護區劃設密切相關，然而，因海洋保護區劃設與治理而產生的海洋養護成本與利益分配之公平性逐漸浮現，降低了海洋使用者對海洋保護區的支持。本文有兩個目的，一是探索海洋保護區治理可能涉及的公平議題，二是嘗試將國家治理之公平與正義理論，結合海洋保護區政策之特殊性，建立可作為海洋保護區劃設過程中，與海洋保育成本與利益分配相關的公平概念。本研究建構之平等論述，可作為未來新增與修編海洋保護區相關法規之考量，以及規劃海洋教育之參考，以期我國未來在海洋保護區區劃與管理過程，透過實踐海洋保育成本與利益的公平分配，提升主管機關與海洋使用者之間的夥伴關係，以增強海洋保護區治理之效益。

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one of the most prevalent area-based management tools to conserve ocean resources. Existing research has proven that MPA designation has a positive impact on marine conservation. Some international instruments also emphasize the need to conserve oceans by designating MPAs. With the number of MPAs increasing, the effectiveness of MPAs becomes crucial. The effectiveness of MPAs is highly dependent on marine users. However, in some cases, concerns of equitable distribution of conservation burdens and benefits resulting from MPAs have reduced marine users' support for MPA designation. There are few discussions about these concerns. Therefore, this paper firstly identifies equity issues in MPA designation and governance in order to raise the public and decision-makers' awareness regarding these concerns. Second, this paper extends the concept of justice and equity from public policy to MPA governance in order to provide an interpretation of the concept of equity in the context of MPAs. The interpretation of equity in the context of MPA is a useful reference to Taiwan's MPA regulatory system and marine education. It assists to strengthen partnership between MPA authority and marine users, and improve the effectiveness of MPA conservation.