基本權利客觀價值秩序理論的反思與重構

基本權利客觀價值秩序理論契合我國憲法關於國家保障人權的規定，可以作為建構基本權利國家保障教義學的基礎。然而，這一理論存在諸多缺陷。在理論定位上，以客觀價值秩序表徵客觀法造成基本權利客觀法對主觀權利的內涵脫序；在理論邏輯上，“三重抽象”的證成方式導致基本權利規範既為自然法又為實證法、基本權利既為公法權利又為超法律權利的悖論，以及客觀價值秩序功能體系內部陷入自相矛盾；在理論效用上，該理論有侵害私法自治和基本權利之虞。基本權利客觀價值秩序理論應重構為客觀公共價值秩序理論，即基本權利客觀價值的屬性由普遍性調整為公共性，輻射範圍從所有法律領域限縮至具有公共性的法律領域，對私法的適用限於具有公共性的私法領域。

Objective order of values of fundamental rights theory conforms to the provision of the Chinese Constitution on state protection of human rights, which can be used as the basis for the construction of the doctrine of fundamental rights state protection. However, there are many flaws in this theory. In terms of theoretical orientation, representing objective law with objective order of values causes the disordering of fundamental rights as objective law to subjective rights. In terms of theoretical logic, the justification of ''triple abstractions'' leads to the paradoxes that the fundamental rights norms are both natural law and positive law, that the fundamental rights are both public law rights and trans-legal rights, and that the function system of objective order of values falls into self-contradiction. In terms of theoretical utility, the theory has the potential to infringe upon private law autonomy and fundamental rights. Objective order of values of fundamental rights theory should be reconstructed into objective public order of values theory. This means that the attribute of objective value of fundamental rights should be adjusted from universality to publicity, that the radiation scope should be narrowed down from all legal fields to those with publicity, and that the application of private law should be limited to those of a public nature.