民法典人格權編幾個重要理論問題評析

《民法典》將人格權獨立成編，使得其邏輯體系更為周延與嚴謹，使得大陸法系的《民法典》增添了新的體系結構類型，是我國《民法典》對世界範圍內民法法典化進程的重大貢獻。獨立成編的體系順應了尊重與保障人權的歷史趨勢，為具體的民事活動提供了更為周全的行為規則，為法院審理人格權糾紛案件提供了更為詳細的裁判規則。人格權具有憲法權利與民事權利的雙重屬性，但更主要地是一種民事權利。人格權必須由《民法典》進行規範才能成為真正的法定權利。人格權與主體資格是不同的概念。侵權責任法不能替代人格權法，侵權法無法對人格權的內容、效力、行使、保護等作出詳細的規定。人格權是自然人專享的權利，法人不應當享有人格權，但在《民法典》已經明確作出法人人格權規定的情況下，司法實務中應當理解法人人格權的立法主旨在於保護營利法人的商業利益與財產權益。榮譽權的客體不屬於人格利益的範疇，進而榮譽權不可能是人格權，將來修訂《民法典》時應當將其刪除。《民法典》人格權編仍存在不足與待完善之處。

The compilation of personality right in civil code is a major contribution of China s Civil Code to the process of codification of civil law in the world, which makes its system more comprehensive and rigorous, and adds a new type of system structure to the civil law system. The compiling of an independent part on personality rights in the Civil Code complies with the historical trend of respecting and protecting human rights, which provides more comprehensive rules of conduct for specific civil activities, and more detailed adjudication rules for the court to hear cases of personality right disputes. Personality right has the dual attributes of constitutional right and civil right, but it is more of a civil right. Personality right must be regulated by the civil code to become true legal right. The tort liability law cannot replace the personality right law since the tort law cannot make detailed provisions on the content, effect, exercise, protection and so on of the personality right. Personality right is the exclusive right of natural person, that legal person should not enjoy the personality right. However, in the case where the Civil Code has clearly stipulated the personality right of legal person, it should be understood in the judicial practice that the legislative purpose of the personality right of legal person is to protect the commercial interests and property interests of for-profit legal person. Since the object of right of honor does not belong to the category of personality interest, right of honor cannot be personality right. Therefore, it should be removed when the Civil Code is revised in the future. There are still some deficiencies to be improved in the part of personality right.