論港澳基本法的憲法性質

在中國法律體系中，港澳基本法模糊的憲法性質嚴重挑戰憲法學的理論想像和話語能力。以例外狀態和制憲權為知識座標，《憲法》第31條可被解讀為關於例外狀態下國家對於特定地區的制憲權的宣告，而一國兩制可被解釋為憲法所包含的一個根本的政治決斷。認為基本法抵觸憲法不僅是不合適的，也是無意義的。基本法立法宗旨與中國憲法蘊含的國家理性具有內在一致性。通過動態平衡、世界大平衡的視角來審視基本法關於中央地方關係的非對稱憲制安排，有助於充分認識基本法的憲法正當性。港澳基本法是港澳地區的根本法和高級法，蘊含了不可分離、繁榮穩定、資本主義、港（澳）人治港（澳）、基本權利和自由、新憲制法治等六大根本法。但基本法作為地區根本法和高級法的地位不是絕對的；憲法在港澳理所當然地具有完全效力，表現為整體適用但部分規範懸置。在基本法的實施中，基本法的自足性學說或可作為一個假定性存在，但不能因此而排除完善基本法實施機制和實施技術的必要性。

In the Chinese legal system, the Basic Laws of Hong Kong and Macau are sui generis and unique. Its ambiguous constitutional nature challenges the theoretical imagination and discursive capacity of the constitutional jurists. With the theories of the state of exception and constituent power as an intellectual springboard, Article 31 of the PRC Constitution can be read as a proclamation of constituent power regarding particular areas in the states of exception, and the policy of ''One Country, Two Systems'' can be reasonably interpreted as one fundamental political decision of the constitution. In this light, one can confidently refute the claim that the Basic Laws contravene the constitution as nonsense. Only when the internal consistency between the legislative intention of the Basic Laws and the reason of the state embodied in the constitution are discovered and when the asymmetrical horizontal power allocation is examined from the perspective of dynamic and macro equilibrium of the whole country with the outside world, can their constitutional legitimacy be accepted and the constitutional wisdom be appreciated. The Basic Laws are the fundamental laws and higher laws of Hong Kong and Macau. Six internally connected fundamental principles can be teased out by careful reading, i. e. , anti-separatism, prosperity and stability, capitalism, home rule, safeguard of rights and freedom, new constitutional rule of law. But their status as fundamental laws and higher laws is not absolute, for the national constitution is binding and applicable as a whole in the two areas, only partially suspended. In their implementation, the doctrine of the self-containment of the basic laws can be accepted only as a presupposition, but not an excuse to deny the imperfectness of the mechanisms and techniques of legal implementation. Their function as economic fundamental laws is to be further explored. The recent Decision regarding ''Two Inspections at One Place'' issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC provides a paradigm of economic constitutional decision making and represents the trend of legal development in the Great Bay Area.