“按勞分配”在中國：一個憲法概念的浮沉史

按勞分配是馬克思主義經典作家多有論述的重要政治經濟概念，也是不應忽視的憲法概念。制憲時，中國未效仿蘇聯等國規定按勞分配內容，這是從實際出發、自主作出的決定。而“按勞分配”在成為通行中譯後，歷經曲折於1975年實現入憲。在七八憲法繼續規定“按勞分配”以及在此前後展開按勞分配大討論的基礎上，八二憲法完善了相關規定。但隨著按勞分配作為分配制度主體的地位在現實中相對下降以及1993年並未啟動憲法解釋，該規定最終在1999年被修改，按勞分配由此整體上趨於邊緣。只有在理論上明晰當前條件下按勞分配的基本內涵進而使之走向實踐，它才能擺脫百年來數度浮沉的困局並邁向勃興。

''Distribution according to work'' is not only an important concept of political economy repeatedly discussed by classical Marxist writers, but also a Chinese constitutional concept that should not be neglected. At the time of constitution-making in 1954, China did not follow Soviet Union and some other socialist countries, thus the Constitution of 1954 did not provide contents about distribution according to work. Yet after ''distribution according to work'' got widely used, it went through ups and downs but still entered the Constitution of 1975. Constitution of 1978 continued to entrench e ''distribution according to work'' and there was a heated debate about it during that period, which leads to improvements of relevant clauses in the Constitution of 1982. However, with the continuous marginalization of the dominant position of ''distribution according to work'', and the opportunity for constitutional interpretation of Article 6 was missed in 1993, leading to the relevant clauses being amended in 1999 and further marginalized afterwards. Only by clarifying the basic connotation of ''distribution according to work'' under the current conditions and by making it go into practice can it get rid of the plight of ebbs and flows in the past hundred years and move towards the flourishing future.