波蘭1990年代憲政改革：制度變遷與社會學習之歐洲化過程

The Europeanization of Polish Constitutional Transformation in 1990s: Institutional Choice and Social Learning Process

歐洲整合經驗提供學界相當廣泛之研究素材，不論從歐洲國家之間對整合利益進行分配、制度作為整合過程的發散力量、或是歐盟整合過程對會員國歐洲價值內化之影響等，這些不同切入面能豐富歐盟研究之內涵，同時也能充實歐盟研究的各種理論基礎，本文從社會學習角度分析波蘭1990年代憲政改革過程，認為波蘭當時憲政制度變遷即是歐洲化過程之具體展現。本文認為，加入歐盟雖是波蘭國家發展最主要目標，不過物質性因素影響上述三大面向發展強弱有別，社會學習動機與過程亦扮演程度不一的重要力量，這些影響表現在：第一，限縮總統職權以強化內閣責任政治之歐洲化過程是朝著透過學習來順利完成制度選擇過程，藉由抒解內部改革壓力與外部學習雙重途徑以決定制度走向；第二，接受國際條約拘束乃是為求加入歐盟所為之變更，但此項轉變也一體適用至波蘭未來參與各項國際活動，對其遵守國際規範影響深遠；第三，歐盟人權規範對波蘭認同面之影響更為深層、對未來波蘭於歐盟內部競合過程亦有長遠效應。最後尤須標明的是，本文分析波蘭憲改過程不在於取代過去既有之研究途徑，其目的在於調和社會學習論與物質主義論之探討，期望能更貼近歐洲整合研究之核心關鍵，同時提供未來分析歐盟會員國歐洲整合過程之基本架構。

Much of the literature concerning on European Union Integration refers to the ''Europeanization,'' the interaction between EU and its member states and the adoption of European norms and laws. In this sense, a far-reaching process of Europeanization is under way in Poland and other Central and Eastern Europe after the break up of the Soviet Union and bi-polar confrontation. I argue that Poland's accession to the European Union is the manifestation of Europeanization: through institutional choice and social learning models the process could be explained in a way of combined methods. This paper also argues that the president-prime minister policy competence, obligation of international law, the norm and practice of European human rights in Poland are three independent variables verifying this process. Materialism and social learning process co-constitute analytical structure of this study. It should be noted that Europeanization is the content of European social learning process.