日、中對非洲外交援助政策之比較

Japan and China's Assistant Diplomacy in Africa: A Comparative View

日本與中國是亞洲兩個經濟與政治大國，從冷戰結束以來，兩國的外交都以成為亞洲乃至於全球的政經大國為目標。日本設定的目標是以成為聯合國安理會常任理事國為努力方向，而非洲國家又占聯合國三成的會員，近年來以成為日本積極推動以結合國際組織及先進工業國的援非外交方式，加以拉攏的對象。相較之下，中國由於與非洲國家建立關係較早，又同屬開發中國家，有著深厚的「兄弟情誼」。不過，近年來也面臨先進工業國家大量援助非洲之衝擊，中國與非洲關係也面臨著被弱化的挑戰，因而也調整援非外交的內涵。中國的援非方式基本上是以中國自己之力提出的，但隨著不同的國家發展戰略目標與利益調整其援助政策，以鞏固與非洲國家既有的外交關係。除了援助方式不同，日本的援助還配合著歐美國家要求受援國進行同時進行民主、人權、良治等方面的改革，中國的援助政策就強調不干涉內政原則。究竟日本以國際合作但附加條件方式的援助政策，抑或中國以一己之力不附帶條件的援助政策，孰對非洲的開發較具成效，這是本文想要比較探討的主要課題。

Japan and China are the big two economical and political powers in Asia. Both of them are now struggling for the political leader of the Asia and the world since the cold war ended. For Japan, to become a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations is its objective in the recent decade. Under such circumstance, African countries occupy 30％seats in UN are the main subjects of Japan's assistance diplomacy naturally. In comparison, China started developing relations with Africa much earlier. Furthermore, both China and African countries are developing countries. Their relations were often described as ''brotherhood.'' Yet in recent years, as the developed countries such as the Group-8 began to assist African countries with more financial aid, the China-Africa brotherhood was weakened, which in turn constituted a great challenge to China. China cannot but to adjust its contents of foreign-aid diplomacy to African countries. On the other hand, Japan and China adopted different strategies to African countries: Japan often set some conditions in assistance and cooperate with international communities such as G-8 group and the UN, while China provided aid unitarily and set no conditions. Which strategy is better for African countries？This is key issue and will be analyzed in this paper.