歐盟規範性權力在亞洲的試煉──以貿易議程為例

Normative Power Reviewed in Asia - with a Regard on Trade Agreement Negotiations

身為世界上最大的貿易體，歐盟深知善用本身市場的吸引力，在與第三國/區域簽訂貿易協定時，將帶有歐盟價值的規範性議程納入協定中，以實踐自身外交政策的目標。此「規範性權力(normative power)」論述在學界已有廣泛的討論，實務上，歐盟的規範性權力亦不斷透過各種不同的管道在不同的地區和領域內發揮影響力，亞洲自然也屬此範圍中。歐盟自2006 年宣示新貿易策略「全球歐洲：在世界競爭」之後，即看重亞洲國家蘊藏的巨大市場潛力而將其列為首要談判夥伴。十個年頭過去，目前歐盟在亞洲地區唯一通過的貿易協定為歐韓自由貿易協定，其他尚有十個協定各在不同的談判階段。細看歐盟在與這些不同的亞洲國家互動時，確實無一例外的將規範性議程納入協商過程，然而，在與不同的國家談判時，歐盟所設的規範標準和條件卻有所不同。本文將探討歐盟與亞洲國家談判、簽訂經貿協定時所呈現的條件性差異，並以五個目前談判進程較進階的國家－中國、日本、韓國、新加坡與越南－進行綜合比較與討論，整理出可能影響規範性條件差異的變數並初探其解釋力。

As the largest trading bloc in the world, the European Unions (EU) knows how to make use of its market appeal to set its own normative agenda when negotiating trade agreements with third countries/regions, in order to pursue its goals in its foreign policy. This ''normative power'' theory has seen extensive discussion in the IR academia; in practice, the normative power of the EU is constantly exerting influence through various channels in different parts of the world, Asia is naturally included. Since the launch of the new trade strategy ''Global Europe: Competing in the World'' in 2006, the EU has put Asian countries as first priority partners for its great market potential. Ten years have passed, as the time of writing, the only free trade agreement that the EU has signed and gone into force in Asia is the one with South Korea. There are other ten agreements that are still in different stages of negotiation. Taking a closer look at these trade agreement negotiations, the EU has indeed inserted its normative agenda into discussion with no exception. However, when negotiating with different countries, the norms and conditions set by the EU are somewhat different. This article will explore the differences in condition when the EU negotiates and signs trade agreements with Asian countries, taking five agreement negotiations which are in more advanced stage - with South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam and China - for comprehensive comparison and discussion. Finally, the analysis will come up with certain variables that may affect the differences in EU's normative condition and examine primordially their explanatory power.