俄羅斯聯邦選舉制度與總統職權

The Electoral System and the Presidency of Russian Federation

俄羅斯聯邦的府會關係向來是俄羅斯聯邦政治穩定與否的一個重要因素。葉爾欽（Yeltsin）主政時期，「總統」與「國會」之間不斷的出現爭執，除了牽涉到俄羅斯聯邦民主化的程度與經驗尚待深化之外，根本的問題還在於兩個由人民直選出來的國家權力代表，在行使其權力時，彼此要如何認清自我的憲政角色，並且在憲政架構上進行互動。政治運作中，選舉制度常與政黨政治的形成具有密切的的連動關係。例如，台灣最近的修憲過程中，小選區單一席次以及比例代表制的混合選舉制度就被視為有助於兩黨政治的建立。然而，以俄羅斯的運作經驗來看，事實上並不一定如此。因為，制度設計的理性構想在政治運作過程中常受政治文化的影響而與初衷相悖，俄羅斯聯邦的政治發展過程正反映出這種事實。

A relationship between the Government and Congress in the Russian Federation is important for influencing political stability of the Russian Federation at all times. During the Yeltsin Administration, there was much dispute between the President and the Congress. The underlying problem lies in the fact that the two elected authoritative representatives of the country are still groping for their respective constitutional roles and trying to find a mode of interactions under the constitutional system. This project has two parts. The first part refers to an analysis of the current electoral system and the other part pertains to the possible influence of a new electoral system on political development.