從帝國到共和：一九一八年的德國革命與一九一九年的威瑪憲法

From Reich to Republic: The Revolution of Germany in 1918 and the Weimar Constitution in 1919

1919年誕生的威瑪共和是德國近代史上相當重要的關鍵時期，也在世界的憲政史上具有重要的地位，因為這是世界上相當早期建構的「半總統制」國家。本文以威瑪共和的制憲為核心，討論以下三個議題：首先，第二帝國的瓦解，共和的建立是受到國際與國內雙重壓力的結果。其次，在軍方決定與溫和的社會民主賞合作之時，新的德國說確立了朝向民主共和體制發展的方向，而非成為當時國際蘇維埃政治改革的一員。第三，因為制憲會議傾向建立一個強大而完整的行政權中心，加上維持德國領土及主權完整的訴求，使得新憲法制訂的內容賦予了總統強大的權力以及現代聯邦制的架構設計。而新憲法的精神則是融合了內閣制和總統制而成為半總統制的憲政架構。

The emergence of the Weimar Republic in 1919 was an important experience in German history. It was a 'semi-presidentialism' government constructed in earlier days in the contemporary world. This essay discusses three issues. First, formulating a new republic government resulted from pressures of international and the domestic social movements. Second, because the military cooperated with the Social Democratic Party, the democratic republic system was established. Third, the meeting inclined to set up a strong and intact executive power also maintained intact the demand for German territory boundaries sovereignty. The purpose of a new constitution provided the president with strong power and a federalist design. The new constitution of Weimar Republic integrated semi-presidentialism, which includes both parliamentarism and presidentialism.