由詞意及詞類探討日語初級辭彙中之日中同形詞分類──以二字漢字詞為主

Classifying Cognates in Elementary Japanese and Chinese Based on Their Meanings and Part of Speech Main Focus of the Study: Words with Two Chinese Characters

長久以來之日中同形詞研究，大部分集中在中高級漢字詞之詞意對比研究。將詞類對比研究及日語學習階段列入考量，進而掌握日中同形詞全貌的研究亦付之闕如。本研究為探求日語初級詞彙中日中同形詞的全貌，以二字漢字詞為研究對象，試圖從詞意的對比關係及詞類的對比關係尋求分類。由詞意的對比關係調查結果得知，半數詞彙為同形同義詞，同形類義詞則佔了近四成，而同形異義詞亦佔了將近一成。另外，在詞類的對比關係調查結果方面，無論是日文詞彙還是中文詞彙，只帶一種詞類的詞彙最多，以日文來看佔了六成以上，以中文來看則佔了七成以上。日中兩語帶二種詞類的詞彙皆佔三成左右。而帶三種詞類的詞彙僅出現在日文中。另外在詞類的內容上，無論是日文詞彙或是中文詞彙，皆以名詞為多數，佔了六成以上。數量次於名詞詞彙者為具有動詞機能的詞彙，佔了四分之一以上。將詞意對比關係及詞類對比關係進行組合後得出詞類一致的同形同義詞佔全體半數之結果。另外半數則為詞類不一致的同形同義詞、詞類一致或詞類不一致的同形類義詞。在本研究關於初級日中同形詞方面，歸納出對以中文為母語的日語學習者來說，有可能產生正用效果、或需特別留意可能產生誤用的日中同形詞類群。

The study of homonyms shared in Chinese and Japanese have long been focusing on intermediate and advanced words made of Chinese characters and their meaning. Part of speech has not been included to provide the full picture and to be considered when it comes to Japanese learning.This study aims at uncovering the full picture of this category with words made of two Chinese characters as the main focus. It attempts to classify the words based on the relativities of their meaning and part of speech. According to the research on the meaning of words, approximately 40% are isomorphic words while homonyms also account for 10%. On the other hand, after studying their part of speech, it is found that most of the vocabularies have only one part of speech, with more than 60% in Japanese and 70% in Chinese. In addition, noun takes up the majority, with over 60% in both languages, followed by words that have verb's function and this group has more than 25%.After studying and comparing meaning together with part of speech, it is derived that half of the words are isomorphic synonyms (words share the same form and meaning) that also have equivalent part of speech. The other half is isomorphic synonyms either does not share the same part of speech or isomorphic words that have different meanings and/or have different part of speech. With the examination of elementary homonyms in Chinese and Japanese, native Chinese students can be benefited as this study identifies homonyms words that can be easily mistaken and need to be used carefully when learning Japanese.