運動員認同、自我複雜度與生涯發展──調查及實驗研究

Survey and experimental studies on athletic identity, self-complexity, and career development

緒論：近年來，研究者和相關領域工作者已經注意到運動員單一認同的問題，然而卻缺乏實證研究探索。本研究以調查研究及實驗研究兩階段，檢驗運動員認同、自我複雜度及運動員生涯發展之關聯性，以及自我複雜度可能扮演的調節效果。方法：研究一以國內大專運動員為研究對象，共包含196份有效問卷，平均年齡為19.19 ± 1.01歲，以運動員自我認同量表、自我複雜度問卷及主動生涯行為量表進行資料蒐集。研究二之對象為高中運動員，有效問卷數量為93人，平均年齡為16.76 ± 1.07歲，參與者被隨機編入高自我複雜度組及低自我複雜度組之情境，以二因子變異數分析檢驗高／低自我複雜度與高／低運動員認同之交互作用。結果：研究一分析結果發現運動員認同越高，展現出越多的主動生涯行為；而當依變項為主動生涯規劃及技能發展時，自我複雜度之調節效果達顯著。研究二則發現自我複雜度與運動員認同之交互作用達顯著，在高自我複雜度組中，高運動員認同參與者之生涯調適顯著優於低運動員同參與者，而在低自我複雜度組中，高／低運動員認同參與者之生涯調適未達顯著差異。結論：本研究透過兩階段研究，發現低運動員認同加上低自我複雜度的參與者，會展現出較不佳的主動生涯行為（研究一），而高運動員認同的參與者若處於高自我複雜度的情境中，會有最佳的生涯適應水準（研究二）。未來研究可針對自我複雜度進行不同情境之操弄，以確定對於運動員生涯發展之影響。

Introduction: In recent years, researchers and practitioners have noted that excessive and exclusive athlete identity may have non-adaptive effects, but these have yet to be fully explored. Through a questionnaire survey and experimental design, this study examined the relationship between athletic identity, self-complexity, and athletes' career development, as well as the moderating effect of self-complexity. Methods: In Study 1, 196 valid questionnaires were collected from college student athletes (M = 19.19 years, SD = 1.01). Background information, athletic identity, self-complexity, and proactive career behavior were measured and were analyzed. In Study 2, 93 senior high school student athletes (M = 16.55 years, SD = 0.56) were recruited and randomly assigned to a high self-complexity condition or a low self-complexity condition. A two-way ANOVA was performed to examine the interaction between high/low self-complexity and high/low athletic identity. Results: In Study 1, higher athletic identity was associated with more proactive career behavior (p ＜ .001). In terms of proactive career planning and skill development behavior, the moderating effect of self-complexity was also significant (p = .032). In Study 2, there was a significant interaction between self-complexity and athletic identity (p ＜ .001). In the high self-complexity condition, the career adaptability of the athletes with higher athletic identity was significantly better than that of those with lower athletic identity (p ＜ .001). In the low self-complexity condition, the difference was non-significant (p = .19). Conclusion: This research demonstrated that participants with low athletic identity and low self-complexity performed the worst in terms of proactive career behavior (Study 1); on the contrary, high athletic identity students in the high self-complexity condition showed the highest level of career adaptability (Study 2). More conditions of self-complexity could be included in future studies to verify its effects on athletes' career development.