《荀子》「君道」和「臣道」思想的主從關係辨析

The differentiation and analysis of Xunzi’s ideas between “the way of being a king” and “the way of a minister”

君臣關係是儒家始終無法迴避的課題，君道和臣道的區分也是儒家政治哲學的一大特色。從《論語》和《孟子》可以發現先秦儒家從君道和臣道並重，逐漸轉為君道重於臣道的思維傾向，而荀子則是在主張尊君和不否認「霸道」的政治主張下，除了更加重視君道，也進一步的提出君王治國治民、挑選和任用人才的具體實施方式。荀子關於這方面的闡發，可以視為先秦儒家在政治思想上的總結，對於往後歷代儒家學者的君道思想以及君臣關係等方面的主張，也產生很大的影響。本文綜合《荀子》各篇文章的言論，系統性的歸納出荀子的君道思想和臣道思想，也辨證了兩者之間的聯繫關係，更藉此證明重視君道的荀子，試圖以君道為前提來立論臣道的思想理路。

The relationship between kings and ministers is a topic which Confucianism doesn’t avoid all the time. The differentiation between “the way of being a king” and “the way of a minister” is a characteristic of Confucian political philosophy. From “The Analects of Confucius” and “Mencius”, we can see that Confucianism in the pre-Qin period attached equal importance to “the way of being a king” and “the way of a minister”, then gradually turned to the ideological tendencies that “the way of being a king” is more important than “the way of a minister”. However, Xunzi not only paid more attention to “the way of being a king”, but also put forward the specific implementation methods how the kings govern the country and the people, select and appoint the talents under the political proposition of advocating respecting the kings and not denying hegemonic politics. Xunzi ’s elucidation on this aspect can be regarded as the political summary of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. It also has a great impact on the thought, “the way of being a king”, of Confucian scholars in later dynasties and the proposition of the relationship between kings and minister and other aspects., This paper synthesizes comments in different chapters in “Xunzi” and induces systematically Xunzi ’s ideas of “the way of being a king” and “the way of a minister”. Meanwhile it also distinguishes the relationship between them. Moreover, it proves that Xunzi who paid attention to “the way of being a king” tried to clarify the way of making a point of “the way of a minister” on the premise of “the way of being a king”.