論朱熹對「仁」的詮釋創新與現代意義

朱熹延續並創新先秦儒家的孔孟之道，尤其是在對「仁」之形上化、宇宙化、本體化的哲學深化，通過體用的已發未發、理一分殊的論點，展開貫通宇宙人生的「仁體」，是為中國思想史上論「仁」的最高峰。相較於孔孟論「仁」，當為「新義」。此義面對「現代性」所形塑的生活世界具有三重現代意義|一、「仁」的價值理性，可彌補現代性主體過度膨脹造成的意義與自由雙重喪失的缺憾|二、「仁」通過「理一分殊」、「月映萬川」之論得使各文明求同存異、共謀未來發展|三、在工具理性的過度發展下，可預期人工智能世界亦將到來，人心私欲的氾濫，知識演算法的邏輯並無法成為人們心靈的安頓處，「仁」當可成為人們心靈的避風港。本文呈顯了朱熹論「仁」的創新處及跨越時空的現代意義。

Zhu Xi built on the pre-Qin Confucian tradition to create a philosophy that took humanity （ren仁）as a universal principle. With the help of the substance/use （tiyong體用）and the notion of a principle （li理）that manifested itself in everything he connected man and heaven into one humanistic essence （renti 仁體）. This new understanding of humanity （ren）is meaningful in the context of the modern age in three ways: First, being intrinsically value oriented, the humanistic essence can make up for the loss of meaning of the modern subject| secondly, by stressing the different manifestations of the one principle, different cultures can preserve their own specific forms underneath a guiding principle to decide together their common future. Thirdly, against the backdrop of an ever further reach of instrumental reason, which with the development of AI will be accelerated, the humanistic essence can give people a respite in a world otherwise guided by selfishness. This paper will analyze the originality of the idea of humanistic essence in the thought of Zhu Xi and its potential in today’s world.