梅毒之疫：日治初期臺灣性病治理的人權爭議及政策轉折

An Epidemic of Syphilis: Dispute of Human Rights and Change of Policy on Venereal Disease Governance in Taiwan during Early Japanese Rule

西方帝國醫療史的「身體殖民」議題，通常將被殖民者視為殖民醫療介入與身體侵犯的主要對象。十九世紀末臺灣梅毒之疫，過往研究則主張殖民地性病防治政策對象日籍公娼優先、臺籍私娼次之的「民族差別論」。本文試圖重探日治初期臺灣性病治理的人權爭議及政策轉折，以此反思「臺灣殖民地毒婦毒島論」的性別歧視、種族偏見與疾病污名，並提出「日籍私娼說」作為「臺籍私娼說」的替代性歷史解釋。研究發現，臺灣首任民政局長水野遵的性傳染病防疫思維，在於如何擴大圍堵感染源，進而制定了殖民地先行的私娼檢疫政策。由於總督府衛生部門推測感染源為境外移入而非本土感染，導致強制檢疫對象主要施行於殖民母國女性而非殖民地本地女性，顯示性別先於民族的差別治理特性。至於殖民地政策為何會轉彎？本文對殖民地官僚主張的「殖民地人權說」存疑。儘管臺南縣知事磯貝靜藏看似政策轉折的關鍵行動者，但其任內既無任何防疫行動，何來人權爭議？在匪情與疫情的政治矛盾之間，南部治理的不作為，深受殖民初期地方治理局勢及衛生行政能力限制。最後，本文提出「地方治理論」以解釋臺灣性病治理的南北差異，希望透過南部觀點，呈現日本殖民治理性的地方差異與因地制宜。

Previous historical studies on imperial medicine tended to focus on 'the colonization of body,' which usually assumed that the colonized were the main target of public health interventions in colonial infectious disease control. This study explores this issue in the light of syphilis prevention in colonial Taiwan under early Japanese rule; examining whether the epidemic of syphilis was imported, which gender or race group was identified as the major target for compulsory inspection, as well as why and how the colonial policy changed. Firstly, the claim of imperial medicine that local Taiwanese women were the sources of syphilis infection was unfounded. In fact, those subjected to compulsory inspection were actually Japanese unlicensed prostitutes rather than Taiwanese ones. Colonial measures of epidemic control were developed along the lines of gender rather than race. Secondly, the then Government-General of Taiwan formulated policies to expand the prevention targets from licensed prostitutes to include unlicensed ones out of concern for venereal disease outbreaks. However, such policy was suspended after a short period of implementation, due to 'human rights disputes' raised by Isogai Seizou, the then Tainan Magistrate. Nevertheless, analysis at the local level did not support this official account archived by the central government. Instead, 'inactive governance' was evidenced in local governance of banditry and epidemic in southern Taiwan. That is, the reluctance of local government to implement central government policy was not due to human rights concerns but administrative incompetence of the local health department. This finding suggests that adopting a local governance approach, with emphasis on local differences and governance adaptations to local conditions, could lead to better understanding of the Japanese colonial governmentality.