圓瑛法師的佛儒關係論──兼與梁漱溟、印順法師之比較

Yuan Ying Master's Theory on the Relationship between Buddhism and Confucianism: A Comparison with Liang Shu-Ming and Yin Shun Master

圓瑛法師俯仰於清末民初的特定時空，少業儒，冠入釋，歷參各佛教重鎮，先後擔任七塔寺、天童寺、湧泉寺等名寺住持，並連任中國佛教會會長七屆，有功於佛教事業之發展，是中國近現代重要的佛教人物。本文採取歷史研究法、文本分析法與比較研究法，旨在探討圓瑛法師的佛儒關係論，並略與同時代的梁漱溟及印順法師作比較。本文發現，圓瑛法師對佛儒關係的見解主要有數項：一是評議儒者對佛教的排斥。二是列舉佛儒間的相同之處：其一是佛教的五戒相當於儒家的五常；其二是佛教的四大相當於儒家的五行；其三是佛教的無我相當於儒家的毋固毋我；其四是佛教的慈悲相當於儒家的博施濟眾。三是提出佛儒間的歧異所在，其一是佛教的平等慈悲，為儒家所不能及；其二是佛教之戒，特重攝心，為儒家所不能及；其三是佛教有五乘學說，儒家只是人天乘。這些觀點，與梁漱溟、印順法師的見解，同異互見，皆值參考。

Living in the specific time and space of the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of Minguo Period, Yuan Ying Master learned Confucianism when little and followed Buddhism when turning twenty, visiting the important Buddhist centers and successively serving as the abbot of the famous temples including Qi Ta Temple, Tian Tong Temple, and Yong Qiong Temple. Besides, consecutively serving as Chairman of Buddhist Association of the Republic of China for seven times and deserving well of the development of the Buddhist career, he is the important Buddhist figure in modern China. By adopting historical research, textual analysis, and comparative research, this study aims to discuss Yuan Ying Master's theory on the relationship between Buddhism and Confucianism and make comparisons with Liang Shu-Ming and Yin Shun Master of the same period of time. This study has found that Yuan Ying Master's major opinions on the relationship between Buddhism and Confucianism are as follows: First is to comment on the Confucianists' rejection of Buddhism. Second is to list the similarities between Buddhism and Confucianism: 1. The five precepts of Buddhism are equivalent to the five constant virtues of Confucianism. 2. The four elements of Buddhism are equivalent to the five phases of Confucianism. 3. The concept of “no-self” of Buddhism is equivalent to that of “not inflexible, not self-centered” of Confucianism. 4. The compassion of Buddhism is equivalent to “relieving people through liberal aids” of Confucianism. Third is to propose the differences between Buddhism and Confucianism: 1. The equal compassion of Buddhism is beyond that of Confucianism. 2. The Buddhist precept specially emphasizes “focusing the mind,” which is beyond Confucianism. 3. Buddhism has the theory of five vehicles, while Confucianism has only human and heavenly vehicles. Compared with Liang Shu-Ming and Yin Shun Master's views, the similarities and differences of these viewpoints can be found for further reference.