「醫療事故」的死亡與再生

Death and Regeneration of ''Medical Accident''

《醫療事故處理條例》是中國大陸處理醫療事故的主要法律依據，其將醫療事故的民事責任與行政責任統歸於一部法規之中，試圖透過行政手段實現醫療事故的法律治理。隨著《中華人民共和國侵權責任法》（以下簡稱《侵權責任法》）的生效實施，《醫療事故處理條例》關於醫療事故民事賠償的規定隨之失效，醫療事故賠償被醫療損害責任取而代之，民法意義上的「醫療事故」被「宣告死亡」；與此同時，由於《醫療事故處理條例》對醫療事故行政處理立法的缺陷和執法的困境，行政法意義上的「醫療事故」實際上「名存實亡」。醫療損害的民事責任並不能取代醫療事故的行政責任，追究醫療事故的行政責任作為衛生行政部門的主要監管手段仍有存在的必要。要讓醫療事故「再生」就必須對《醫療事故處理條例》進行修訂，首先，《醫療事故處理條例》應當回歸行政處罰的本位，將其定性為醫療事故行政處罰之法；其次，明確醫療事故概念行政性質、恢復醫療責任事故與技術事故的分類；再次，完善醫療事故行政處罰程序和醫療事故的行政責任體系。

Regulations on Handling Medical Accidents are the main legal basis for handling medical accidents in mainland China. They categorize the civil liability and administrative responsibility of medical accidents into one statute, and attempt to achieve legal treatment of medical accidents through administrative means. With the implementation of the Tort Liability Law, the provisions of Regulations on Handling Medical Accidents on civil compensation for medical accidents are invalidated, the medical accident compensation system is replaced by medical damage liability system, and the legal term of ''medical accident'' in the sense of civil law had been declared to death; At the same time, due to the legislation defects of Regulations on Handling Medical Accidents and the predicament of law enforcement, the legal term of ''medical accident'' in the sense of administrative law actually exists in name only. The civil liability system for medical damage cannot replace the administrative responsibility system of medical accidents, and the administrative responsibility system for medical accidents is still necessary as the main means of supervision of the health administrative department. In order to regenerate the law system of medical accident, it is necessary to amend the ''Regulations on Handling Medical Accidents.'' First, the ''Regulations on Handling Medical Accidents'' should return to the function of administrative punishment. Second, it clarifies the administrative nature of medical accidents and restores the classification of medical accident. Thirdly, the administrative penalty procedure and the administrative responsibility system of medical accident should be improved.