中國傳統建築木構架的構造技術討論

Primary Research on Wood-construction Tectonic of Chinese Traditional Architecture

傳統木構架建築論述因襲自20世紀初期梁思成而建構出一種「風格論述」建築史學，一則，「豪勁、醇和、而至羈直」的衰微過程；二則，依循西方審美對於石構造之三段論「山牆、柱式、台基」推論於木構架。本論文則透過建築考古事證與近年文獻之科學依據，還原建築史當中構築技術進步的真相，其論述內容有「1.木構架與斗栱演進、與2.南方之巧藝與影響力」分別討論之。暫結語指出：1.木構架之構築技術有其愈來愈符合施工程序之發展，例如斗栱由功能而裝飾即受「料貴工賤」經濟判準的影響，這種發展亦影響了審美傾向之發展。2.南方經濟力與工班優勢，而影響北方官式建築一部份。3.梁思成建築史學的補綴，由構築而論梁氏構造理性，由斗栱可見得屋架結構的多元演化類型、各地域文化的多元觀。

The infatuated formation of Wood-construction Tectonic discourse follows Si-Cheng Liang to outline the esthetics of architectural history in the early twentieth century. The Tectonic discourse expounds the decaying process of vigor, elegance, and then rigidity, and also taking the order of masonry-construction to wood-construction which is ”gable, order and foundation” under Western aesthetics convention. A primary research laying on the science documents and evidences of architectural archeology restores the truth of the architectural history. The writing chapters separate into: 1. the format of wood-construction and the evolution of ”dougong (bracket set)”, 2. The technology and the influence of wood-construction from the southern continent. A conclusion is that: 1. The technology of wood-construction is an advancement applied to structure process. For example, the aesthetics appreciation of dougong that changes from function to decoration is because of economical judgment. 2. The classic formal style of architectures at Beijing has been changed by the economical superiority and the workshops from the southern continent. 3. Because of the supplement of Si-Cheng Liang's discourse of architectural history from tectonic logic to Liang's rationality of construction. We learn the progress of building structure, such as dougong, and the diversity of building types in regional culture.