金門洋樓：一個近代閩南僑鄉文化變遷的案例分析

Yang-lou' in Modern Quemoy: A Case Study of Cultural Change for Overseas Chinese' Hometown

金門位於閩南，鄰近廈門、泉州港，17世紀中葉以前已有僑民南渡東南亞。1842年廈門正式開港、1860年華工出洋合法化，青壯人口在連鎖式移民的機制下，大量赴海外謀生。隨著財富的累積，跨境流動的華僑挾其資本返鄉參與地方事務，包括修建祠廟、創辦學校等，當然也關注僑鄉的地方政治、社會治安、公共衛生等問題。本文旨在討論近代金門僑鄉文化地景之變遷，特別是洋樓建築之出現與發展，以及其社會文化意義。首先，從地方史料及田野調查說明近代金門的海外移民潮，以及僑鄉社會的形成與僑匯網絡的建立。接著以洋樓民居為例，分析其在金門的興起、分布及類型，並探究其立面形式及其系譜來源、裝飾象徵表現等。再來以洋樓學校建築為例，討論如何援引南洋殖民建築式樣作為進步現代性的象徵。最後，從“殖民的現代性”到“混雜的現代性”之理論觀點，進一步檢視華僑商紳階層如何以一種混雜現代性的想像與實踐，推動了特殊近代化歷程，並進而探究洋樓建築對於近代僑鄉社會與文化變遷的深刻意義。

Quemoy (Kinmen) is an island close to Quanzhou (Zaitun) and Xiamen (Amoy). Some residents emigrated to Southeast Asia before the mid-seventeenth century. Xiamen was designated a foreign trade port in 1842 and the Qing government legalized emigration abroad in 1860. As a result of these events, many young men from Quemoy emigrated overseas in search of a better living. With the eventual accumulation of their wealth, the transnational ”overseas Chinese” brought their capital back to Quemoy to participate in local affairs, such as renovating ancestral halls, establishing schools, as well as attending to the local politics, public security, and public hygiene. In this process, the ”overseas Chinese” merchant-gentry consciously followed the ”colonial modernity” model of British colonial Singapore and Amoy concession and developed a ”hybrid modernity” discourse and practice based on material culture. This paper will make use of Shining, an overseas Chinese newsletter, and materials collected from field work in Quemoy to explore how the overseas Chinese merchant-gentry reconstructed their social network in their lineage communities and developed a collective modern cultural imagination that manifested in education, political improvements, enterprise development, public hygiene and environmental landscape, etc. At the same time, they introduced an architectural style that combined traditional Chinese architectural elements and western colonial fashion, turning it into a cultural capital and power. On the one hand, the new architectural style established social prestige; on the other hand it represented an image of modern progress. Hybrid modernity is an important characteristic of social and cultural transition in this overseas Chinese's hometown.