詞體「領字」之義界與運用

The Definition and Application of “Ling-tzu” in Tzu Style

詞乃宋代文學之代表，而詞之體製有其不同於詩、曲之處，其中領字之運用尤具特色。宋人張炎《詞源》指出詞之句語合用虛字呼喚，沈義父《樂府指迷》亦謂詞調多有句上合用虛字，二人均主張詞宜妥當用虛字，而後人遂稱此類虛字為領字、領調、領調字，以明其引領之功。本文首先探究領字之義界，包括：辨析虛字、實字、句首虛字、句中虛字、句尾虛字、襯字等名稱；闡明領字之定義；溯源領字句法於詩中之先聲。繼以唐圭璋所編《全宋詞》為主，輔以清聖祖敕編《詞譜》、萬樹《詞律》，列舉、分析領字在宋詞中實際運用之情形，論述層面涵蓋：領字之字數、字例與聲調；領句之句數、字數、句式、對偶與排比技巧；領字於不同詞體之運用概況；固定位置採用領字句法之詞調；領字之條暢靈動、提挈貫串、層深轉折等作用。

Tzu is the typical representative in Sung Dynasty literatures. The Tzu style is different from poetry and “Chu” (a type of verse for singing, which emerged in Southern Sung and Jin dynasties and became popular in Yuan Dynasty). The application of “Ling-tzu” is characteristic. The book “Tzu Yuan” written by Chang Yen in Sung Dynasty indicated that empty words are suitable to be used in the sentence structure of Tzu. Shen Yi-fu's “Yueh Fu Chih Mi” also approved that empty words could be used in “Tzu-tiao”. That is to say, both of them insisted using the empty words properly. Therefore, later generations called the empty words in the beginning of the sentences “Ling-tzu”, “Ling-tiao” or “Ling-tiao-tzu” to emphasize its function of being the leading word. In this thesis, first, the researchers made a thorough inquiry of “Ling-tzu”, including differentiating and analyzing some terms such as “Chen-tzu”, full words, and empty words appearing in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence. Also, the researchers expounded the definition of “Ling-tzu” and traced to the source of the “Ling-tzu” in the sentence structure of poetry. Second, by mainly checking Tang Kuei-chang's “Chuan Sung Tzu”, “Tzu Pu”, which was edited by the order of Emperor Kang-Hsi in Ching Dynasty, and Wan Shu's “Tzu Lu”, the researchers enumerated and analyzed the real application of “Ling-tzu” in Sung Tzu and covered different dimensions: the number of words, examples and tones of “Ling-tzu”; the number of sentences, the number of words, sentence structures, the skills of arranging words; the different application cases in different Tzu styles; some “Tzu-tiao” using “Ling-tzu” in special place; the fluency, coherence and transition of “Ling-tzu.”