禮如何做為一種工夫──以張載與朱子為核心的考察

How Manners as a Cultivation?-Zhang Zai and Zhu Zi As Examples

「理學」與「禮學」在當代儒學研究不應被視為兩個各自獨立，分別發展的區塊。本文以張載與朱子作為研究對象，探討宋代理學家的「禮學」，並且特地將「禮」置入理學家最擅場的工夫論視角思考。張、朱是宋代最重要理學宗師，重禮形象也最鮮明相似。從張、朱對「禮」的高度投入與關注，說明儒學史上批評宋代理學家重「理」、輕「禮」，乃一不合乎實情的誤解。「禮」進入宋代除延續原有儒學脈絡下的意義外，也增加了新元素，包括佛老挑戰的時代課題與「性命之學」的哲學命題，「禮」因此更常被使用作為身心修養之工夫與對抗禪學的重要武器。張載將「禮」與「變化氣質」說緊密結合；朱子則在「理一分殊」的哲學架構下談「禮」，「禮」與「主敬窮理」工夫更為親近。最後，由張、朱對境遇性原則的思考，說明「禮」如何保持開放性，而不被僵化、異化淪為形式主義與死亡教條。

In the study of modern Confucianism, it is not proper to consider Neo-Confucianism and Mannerism as two independently developing fields. This paper mainly studies Zhang Zai(張載) and Zhu Zi(朱子), explores Mannerism of Neo-Confucians in Song Dynasty and considers manners into the scope of Theory of Cultivation which Neo-Confucians specialize. Zhang and Zhu were the most important masters of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. They were similar in the image of emphasizing manners. From Zhang and Zhu's highly input and attention to manners, it illustrates misunderstanding that in the history of Confucianism, Neo-Confucians in Song Dynasty were criticized emphasizing principles but ignoring manners. Manners going into Song Dynasty not only continues the meaning under the context of original Confucianism, but also adds new elements, including the issue of era which Buddhism and Taoism challenge and the philosophical proposition of ＂the study of life＂. As a result, manners are often used as an important tool of cultivating body and mind to resist with Zen. Zhang Zai combined manners and the theory of the transformation of one’s physical nature. However, Zhu Zi claims about manners under the philosophical frame of one principle with several aspects(理一分殊). Manners are closer to the cultivation of focusing on respect and pursuing principles(主敬窮理). Finally, according to the thinking of the principle of circumstances by Zhang and Zhu, this paper illustrates how manners were maintained open and were not reduced to formalism and dogma of death by exaggeration and dissimilation.