論「V到」結構的歷史發展

The Historical Development of the “V Dao＂ Structure

現代漢語普通話中，「V到」結構的「到」可作為趨向補語、動相補語、結構助詞。藉由歷史文獻，窺得歷時演變中，誘發「V到」由連動結構重新分析為趨向述補結構，動因是「到」不與前一動詞共承同一主語。此種用法最先出現在「到」的功能是指動補語、指受補語，再類推到指施補語，整個過程唐五代已經完成。本文認為動相補語以及結構助詞都是由趨向補語發展而來，動相補語與結構助詞之間並不存在演變關係。綜觀「到」的語法化，「到」後句法環境改變比「到」前搭配不同的動詞類型起著決定作用。每個語法化階段的「到」，或多或少都受到原先表「到達」的動詞語義制約，也常與表終點意涵的處所詞產生聯繫，此種現象可以「滯留」原則解釋。

In modern Mandarin, the “Dao” in the structure of “V Dao” can serve as a directional complement, phase complement, and a structural auxiliary. Through the examination of historical literature, “V Dao” has been induced to be reanalyzed from the serial verb structure to the directional predicate complement structure in diachronic development. The reason is that “Dao” does not possess the same subject with its preceding verb. This usage that first appeared on “Dao” function, is referential verb complement and referential object complement, then analogizing to referential agent complement. The whole process had been completed in the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. This study proposes that phase complement and structural auxiliary are developed from directional complement and no derivational relationship is found between phase complement and structural auxiliary. Through the comprehensive examination of the “Dao” grammaticalization, the change of syntactic contexts after “Dao” is more dominant than syntactic contexts before “Dao,” in terms of determining the collocation with different verb types. Every stage of “Dao” grammaticalization is more or less constrained by verbs, which originally mean “arrival,” and associated with locative phrases, which imply ending. This phenomenon can be explained by the “persistence” principle.