語法詮釋經典舉隅──探討高中國文課本中一些常見的注釋問題

Annotating Classical Chinese Essays with Syntactic Analysis-Research Common Issues in the Text Annotations of Chinese Textbooks of Taiwanese High Schools

中國古籍浩如煙海，若能做到重要的經典古籍詮釋是所有研究者的夢想，但欲達此理想，首先必須能夠正確的注解古籍。然而長久以來，臺灣的高中國文教科書中，就存在著不少注解的爭議。這些注釋也一再引起教師的質疑，造成教學上的困擾。本文針對教育部九五課綱規定的四十篇高中必讀古文篇目，探討各家版本的不同注釋問題，並於文中列舉出五個最常見的注解爭議加以分析研究。分析的方法主要採取語法的觀點，並佐以語意的探究和篇章段落的語境原則。文中分別探討的五個常見的注釋問題包括：（一）吾誰與歸（二）去來江口守空船（三）余區區處敗屋中（四）且君嘗為晉君賜矣（五）不知太守之樂其樂也。對注解古籍的問題，本文得到四點結論：第一，注解必須詳細考慮字詞的語法特性，不能僅注意其字面意義。第二。注解必須考慮上下文語境，顧及語詞在篇章段落裡的用法和功能。第三、語詞的意義和使用往往隨時而異，注解時不能以今律古。第四、注解時必須謹慎留意文言語法和白話語法的差異。

There have been some controversial debates concerning the annotations of classical Chinese articles for a long time, and when the Ministry of Education in Taiwan listed forty required classical Chinese essays to be studied in high school's textbooks, the problems gradually worsened. Since all teachers and students have to face the entrance examinations for college, they are eager to get the right answers for these troubled annotations. This article deals with some famous annotated problems using syntactic analysis as well as some semantic study and discourse analysis. The five main problems studied in this paper include the syntactic rule of the object pronoun fronting in negative and interrogative sentences of classical Chinese, the grammaticalized marker of lai, the adverbial function of qu qu, the special meaning of giving by the verb wei, and the use of pronoun qi in the article in Zui weng ting ji (“Record of the Inebriated Elder Pavilion”). The author concludes that, firstly, to annotate classical Chinese articles, one must always take the syntactic aspects into account. Secondly, when annotating these ancient essays, we have to consider the semantic principle and look up the meanings in the discourse. Thirdly, the meaning and usage of words may keep changing through various time periods, and one cannot always apply the current usage to the older forms in these ancient writings. Fourthly, to beware of the difference of syntax between the old written form (classical wenyan) and the vernacular spoken form (baihua) when we are annotating or translating classical Chinese Essays.