東晉南朝禮懺之型態與發展歷程研究

A Study on the Form and Development of Repentance Ritual in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties

本文要在從形式元素推敲南朝「禮懺」的形成，如何從早期僧團布薩懺悔演變至大乘佛教的禮懺儀。誠如吾人所知，原始佛教並無禮懺，世尊只以布薩定規行者作為懺悔的主要方式，初期中土佛教於禮懺的記事不明，至南朝末期則漸成型，足見此間之流衍仍有再作釐清與疏理的必要。禮懺完整意義的成立，並不只是懺悔方式的轉變，更是懺悔精神的擴大，此仍當以菩薩戒的傳入與相關大乘行法的制定最為關鍵。整體來看，南朝禮懺在規模上可有小、大，在場合應用上亦有例行性與特例性之分，雖然各懺儀所依之經典、法門、目的各有不同，卻都同樣蘊涵有強烈的功德轉讓觀念，亦皆與佛教於中土的大乘化運動相表裡。至於禮懺文化的流行也可能反過來與固有的經論義理相會通，各等行門在相互附益之下更使得懺法有著多元而適事的增衍趨勢。

This essay examines the formation of ＂Repentance Rituals＂ in the Southern Dynasty based on the formal elements, and to investigate how the repentance of Poṣadha Buddhist monastics evolved to the repentance ritual of Mahayana Buddhism. Since Primitive Buddhism has no repentance ritual, and Buddha has stipulated Poṣadha as the main mode for repentance rituals. The repentance ritual form of initial Middle-Earth Buddhist' record of repentance rituals was ambiguous, it was gradually forming by the end of the Southern Dynasty, which showed that there was still a need to clarify. The repentance ritual not only changed the mode but expanded the spirit of repentance, which should still be the crucial point of the introduction to doctrine of the Bodhisattva and the formulation of the relevant Mahayana. In short, the scale of repentance rituals in the Southern Dynasty can be small or large, as well as routine and special in occasion application. Although the rituals, methods and purposes of each repentance are different, but they all contain intense concept of transference merits and virtues, which is also reflected on the ＂promotion of Mahayana Buddhism＂ movement fowards the Middle-Earth Buddhist'. As for The popularization of repentance ritual culture might also be associated with the meanings of existing classics. The mutual complementation of various sects further enabled repentance practices to be developed in a diversified manner.