日語動詞分類及其限界性

Verb Types and Telicity in Japanese

動詞限界性受到學界對動貌的多方討論而學者所青睞，近年來對事象結構的研究可謂百家爭鳴即可見一般。本文將先引介Vendler所提出四種動詞分類，可看出動詞的限界性不完全源於動詞本身，而應該由動詞組著眼，如完成動詞及為一明顯例子。因此，我將循北原（1999）的角度針對出現通常具有「途徑」、「客體」的語意角色的賓位的動詞組，觀察動詞組的限界性。其次，我將審視三原（2002）所論及限制詞有論元限制詞與附加限制詞之說。接著我將就北原所提的部分與三原所提之附加限制詞，依述語動詞具有限界性與否，再加以細分發現，當動詞本身即具限界性（lexically telic）時，內元為「定指」（specific），表示「範圍」（或「距離」）的介詞組「」、「次數」，對具界限性動詞組的都是附加語；而動詞本身不具界限性，而是在句法上的動詞組顯示界限性（syntactically telic）者，表示「範圍」（或「距離」）的介詞組「」者，則在最底層的動詞組內，經過重新分析而讓動詞組具有界限性。「次數」與「期間」詞組則不論述語動詞是否具有限界性，都是界限性動詞組的附加語。這三者之間也有其句法結構上的階層性，從與賓位名詞組的關係可以看出「範圍」（或「距離」）在結構樹上低於「次數」，「期間」介詞組則附加於較高的動詞組之外，即「範圍」（或「距離」）〈「次數」〈「期間」介詞組。這也同時解釋這些量詞組與動詞組同時出現時的位置。

Telicity of verb is the topic aspired by discussions of aspectuality, which has led many researchers to focus on event structure recently. This article will begin with the four types of verb postulated by Vendler which implies that telicity is not only originated in verb itself but also the verb phrase; for example, the accomplishment verb. I shall focus on the telicity of verb phrase, especially on active verb taking accusative argument bearing semantic roles such as [path] and [theme], along Kitahara's track(1999). Then I shall take a view on Mihara's argumentation in which two types of syntactic elements are assumed to bear aspectual delimitedness; i.e., argument delimiters and adjunct delimiters. Further, I would like to postulate the hierarchy of adjunct delimiters by incorporating the ideas of Kitahara's and Mihara's such that quantifiers are adjuncts to lexically telic verb phrase, in which the internal argument NP is specific. However, the quantifier to express “domain”, either in countable distance or “made”PP, will be reanalyzed with VP as syntactically telic VP, if it merges with VP. The hierarchy can also be validly proved in terms of the noun phrase. The “domain” which holds sisterhood with NP, if the accusative noun is generic, is lower than “times” the adjunct to VP. The “duration” is by no means the highest adjunct to the higher VP.