試論《竹取物語》中的「物語和歌」翻譯問題

On the Translation Problems of 'Monogatariwaka' in the Tale of Bamboo Cutter (Taketorimonogatari)

和歌集中的和歌與創作物語中的和歌，在翻譯上手法不同當然是不在話下。和歌集中的和歌，每一首和歌可以說是獨立的，但創作物語中的和歌卻必須考量到前後文的連貫，使讀者在鑑賞和歌的時候，能夠更深入了解並進入物語的情境，所以在翻譯物語和歌時，我的翻譯方式會考量到物語中的前後文，並且需要考量到物語中對於每個單字的注解和解釋。因此我採用七言絕句的多字展現方式，企圖將物語和歌的意義表現出來。相對地豐子愷不論翻譯哪一部古典作品，在處理「和歌」時是「七言兩句」和「五言絕句」互用，這樣不受字數限制，形式與格式說改就改，是否會影響「物語和歌翻譯」的整體美雖有待商榷，但豐子愷慣用的「七言兩句」譯法，雖然有些和歌譯出的文意顯得很精練，但往往過於簡略，無法較完整呈現原文和歌的意境。因此藉由物語和歌的翻譯比較，可以發現各家和歌翻譯在詮釋與用詞遣字的優缺點，找出各家和歌翻譯在格式、形式上的長短處，作為日後翻譯「和歌」上的借鏡。

Techniques applied in the translation of waka (traditional Japanese short-form poetry) in the anthologies differ from that in the creative folktales. Each rhyming verse in an anthology of waka is independent, whereas the waka in the creative folktales should be read in the context of the whole work so that readers can have a profound understanding and be immersed in the atmosphere when appreciating waka. Thus, when translating monogatariuta (contextualization of poetry), I take into consideration the context of the folktales, the notes, and explanations of each vocabulary. Consequently, I use the form of heptasyllabic quatrains (four line stanzas with each line consisting of seven syllables), attempting to convey the meaning of monogatariuta in my translation. On the contrary, the Chinese translator, Zi-kai Feng (豐子愷 ), when dealing with the translation of waka in classic works, adopts the form of heptasyllabic couplets (two line stanzas with each line consisting of seven syllables) or pentasyllabic quatrains (four line stanzas with each line consisting of five syllables) interchangeably. His translation does not follow the form concerning the numbers of syllables, and he changes the form and style at will. Although whether Feng's methodology affects the overall beauty of the translation of monogatariuta is debatable, the “heptasyllabic couplet” form that Feng habitually uses is concise but in danger of being oversimplified and unable to present the complete texts and to express the artistic conception. Therefore, through comparing different translations of monogatariuta, analyzing the use of words and various interpretations, and discovering the advantages and disadvantages in a variety of forms and styles, my research aims to find examples to follow in translating waka.