雙人成舞？性別團體在當代中國拓展政治空間的策略：以三個性別團體推動反家暴立法為例

It Takes Two to Tango? Gender Groups' Strategies to Expand Political Space in Contemporary China: Case Studies of Three Gender Groups in the Campaign Against Domestic Violence

在當代中國，性別團體與國家的互動變動顯著。以2015年為例，3月7日中央政府啟動跨省分的逮捕行動，十多名女權行動者被約談，最終逮捕五名，國際間以「女權五姐妹」事件稱之。然而同年12月27日，《中國人民共和國反家庭暴力法》經全國人大通過，這是一部婦女團體推動十餘年的法案，被認為是一次成功「由下而上」的立法經驗。過去文獻無法解釋為何性別團體與國家有如此劇變的互動，也因此如何理解性別團體推動反家暴的經驗，將能豐富我們對中國國家與社會關係的理解。本文研究三個長期遭受中央政府打壓的性別團體，如何能在反家暴議題，持續與國家合作，參與公共政策的實踐。立基於2009年到2017年的田野，本研究提出「女性主義官僚」的形成，期能為理解國家與社會提供另外一個視角。女性主義官僚與性別團體的結盟，成功將性別意識鑲嵌於政府機制中，也協助女同志團體同語突破國家對於同性戀群體不明確態度，建立關係。女性主義官僚的形成，為過去文本所分析的關係以及社會資本理論，增加「共同信念」的變項，更能理解變動中的國家與社會關係。

In contemporary China, the interaction between the state and gender groups presents the most dynamic pictures. For example, on March 7, 2015, the central government launched a series of actions to arrest more than a dozen feminist activists. In the end, five feminist activists were criminally detained. This incident was later known internationally as “the Five Feminists Incident”. However, on Dec. 27, “Anti-Domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China” was passed by the National People's Congress. This law was promoted by the womens' groups and finally won the support from the government. Literatures from the past are unable to explain the dramatic changes of the relationships between the state and gender groups. Therefore, understanding the experience of the campaign against domestic violence will enrich our discussions regarding the relations between the state and its social groups in China. This paper analyzes three gender groups that has suffered long-term repression from the state, and yet, organizers have successfully built collaboration with the local government in the campaign against domestic violence. Based on field research from 2009 to 2017, this study has concluded that the emergence of a group of “femocrats” could provide another perspective when discussing the state-social groups' relations. The alliance between femocrats and gender groups has successfully embedded gender perspectives within the governmental institutions. And furthermore, femocrats has helped a lesbian group to build up the relationship with local governments even when the state's attitude toward homosexual groups is still vague. In addition to constructing mutual trust and reciprocal benefit, the shared belief in gender perspectives helps us to better understand the dynamics of the relationships between the state and its social groups.