「黨化」抑或「獨立」？國民政府司法改革的理念及困境

Partyism or Independence? The Ideal and Dilemma of Judicial Reform in the Nationalist Government

在現代國家建構的背景下，隨著歷史情境變遷，國民政府司法中樞對司法黨化與司法獨立之間關係的處理，體現了國民政府司法改革理念的變遷，也順應了當時司法政治化的時代訴求。徐謙的司法革命，以司法黨化替代和破壞了司法獨立。而王寵惠、居正所宣導的司法改革，則試圖使司法黨化與司法獨立從相互對立關係轉向相互協調關係。在居正主持司法時期，儘管司法黨化在實踐中的變異，對司法的專業化和職業化造成了一些不良影響，但司法獨立一直是當時司法改革試圖達致的目標。在實踐中，由於司法黨化難以化解國民黨以黨治國和司法獨立之間所存在的緊張關係，南京國民政府的司法改革，始終面臨著難以擺脫的困境。而這種困境正是近代中國社會轉型和現代國家建構進程中，司法與政治之間關係的體現和縮影。 Against the background of modern state-building, and with the changes in historical context, the relationship between judicial partyism and judicial independence which was handled by the central judiciary of the Nationalist government complied with the requirements of an era of judicial politicization, reflecting the changes in the ideal of judicial reform in the Nationalist government. The judicial revolution advocated by Hsu Chien (George Hsu) replaced judicial independence with judicial partyism, undermining the former. The judicial reform advocated by Wang Ch’unghui and Chü Cheng tried to change the relationship between judicial partyism and judicial independence from conflicting to coordinated relations. During the Chü Cheng judicial period, despite the fact that the variations in judicial partyism in practice had some negative effects on the specialization and professionalization of the judiciary, judicial independence was always the goal that the judicial reform attempted to achieve. In practice, the judicial reform of the Nanjing Nationalist government faced a dilemma that was difficult to overcome, because the tensions between judicial independence and party governance could not be easily resolved. The dilemma of the judicial reform of the Nationalist government is a microcosm of the relationship between the judiciary and politics in the process of social transformation and modern state-building of China.