峭壁空中湧聖泉：江戶禪林有馬湯山地景文學探析

Holy Springs Pouring from the Cliff: An Analysis of Buddhist Landscape Literature on Arima Yuyama in the Edo Period

晚明清初東渡日本的華僧詩文當中，曾留下許多關於異國風土民情之珍貴記錄，如富士山、櫻花、溫泉、神社或傳統酬神慶典等，不可勝數。本文擬就日本夙負盛名的溫泉聖地有馬湯山（今兵庫縣神戶市）為考察核心，以文化書寫的角度出發，探討近世中日禪僧詩文中呈現的有馬湯山溫泉經驗與宗教意義，並置於東亞交流的歷史脈絡中考察，至少具有下列三層不容忽視之意義：1、兼具遺民╱移民身分的黃檗僧人，長年在各地進行教化耕耘，成為極少數得與扶桑緇素男女休戚與共、互信互賴的外國人。而在與和僧的唱和贈答詩文中，尤其可以看見雙方積極交流的一面。2、就異國文化認識的角度看，通過黃檗僧人對於日本風土的各種觀看與書寫，可以發現其對於桑土的文化想像與衝擊，乃至於欲從其異中求同的心態。3、就中日文學生成的角度看，出於黃檗僧人之手的詩文語錄的在日創作與出版，一者擴大漢文學創作的組成份子，並豐富文學作品之內容；二者也是對和文學書寫傳統的承繼與再造。尤其，描寫特定空間的題景詩文，不僅豐富日本風土的文學意象，同時也為地誌書寫提供不一樣的觀照視域。 The Chinese Buddhists who moved to Japan during the late Ming and early Qing wrote poetry about exotic places and customs, such as Mount Fuji 富士山, cherry blossoms, hot springs, shrines, and traditional harvest festivals. This article analyzes the religious meaning expressed in the poetry composed by Chinese and Japanese Buddhists on the Arima Yuyama 有馬湯山 hot spring from the perspective of cultural writing. It contains three key findings. First, the Obaku Zen 黃檗宗 Buddhists, who were both survivors and immigrants, put a long term effort into teaching and they eventually became trusted foreigners. Their proactive attitude towards cultural dialogue can be observed in the poems exchanged between Chinese and Japanese Buddhists. Second, the Obaku Zen Buddhists' cultural imagination, their cultural impact, and their ideal of seeking commonality between cultures can be seen in their observation of, and writing on, Japanese customs and landscapes. Third, from the perspective of Chinese and Japanese literature, the creation and publication of Obaku Zen Buddhist poetry in Japan increased the influence of Chinese literature and augmented the content of their literary works. Moreover, the poetry's descriptions of specific places not only enriched the literary imagery of the Japanese landscape, but further provided different points of view for local chronicles.