國際關係理論的新物質主義轉向：後人類中心的國際關係研究概論與論析

The New Materialism Turn in International Relations Theory: The Introduction and Commentary to Post-Anthropocentric International Relations

當前國際關係理論研究現正面臨著「物質轉向」、「物質主義轉向」、「新物質主義轉向」及「複雜轉向」的風潮，重新掀起國際關係理論的「心－物」、「心－身」、「社會世界－自然世界」、「行為主體性－結構」的爭論，乃至「人類中心－非人類中心」的新爭論。國際關係學者藉由「新物質主義」的哲學觀點提供了實用的哲學基礎而使國際關係或國際系統的本體論爭議迴避或拒絕二元對立觀點，呈現出新的「中間道路」（via media）吸納雙方觀點發展出「不只人類」的觀點，以及物質性也不是僅僅無生命的物質，而是也具有生命的物質。「新物質主義」以「組合體」或「行為者網絡」概念，將二元對立觀點組合在一起，就像是由各組件連結在一起相互影響而製造產品的機械。新物質主義使國際關係理論研究超越「人類中心主義」特質，重新組合國際關係中人類與非人類因素的異質性拼裝在一起，人類因素與非人類因素並非分離而是共同演化及相互關聯。遂出現了以新物質主義為哲學基礎，結合複雜理論或複雜系統理論的「複雜國際關係理論」，以及結合複雜理論與生態學理論的「後人類國際關係理論」，還有強調人類行為者與非人類行為者（actants）之間網絡關係的「行為者網絡理論」。進而發展出以生態系統為中心，結合人類與非人類因素的「後人類中心國際關係理論」（Postanthropocentric International Relations）。本文探討「新物質主義」所引起的國際關係後設理論的省思，並比較分析新進的「複雜國際關係理論」、「後人類國際關係理論」與「行為者網絡理論」三項理論，以及說明「新物質主義」哲學基礎的洞見及限制，以及省思其對於國際關係理論研究的影響。 The field of international relations is facing the fashions of “material turn”,“materialism turn,” “new materialism turn,” and “complexity turn,” which reraisesthe new debates of ideal-material, mind-body, social world-natural world,agency-structure, and anthropocentrism-nonanthropocentrism in internationalrelations. With the New Materialism offering a practical philosophical foundation,the ontological debates of international relations or international systemscould avoid or refuse the binary opposition of dualism and express the new viamedia to absorb thesis and antithesis of dualism, as well as develop a “morethan-human” perspective and a materiality of inanimate/(no space) animate[CORRECT: inanimate/animate] materials. New Materialism assembles thebinary opposition of dualism affectively together with the “assemblages” or“actor-networks,” which in a sense is similar to machines linking elements toproduce things.New Materialism makes international relations beyond anthropocentrismand re-assembles the heterogeneity of human and non-human factors and bricolagethem together, meaning the entities are not separated, but are co-evolutionaryand co-connected. Therefore, there are three international relations theories with the New Materialism as philosophical foundations: the Complex InternationalRelations with combining Complexity Theory or Complex System Theory;the Posthuman International Relations with combining Complexity Theoryand Ecology; and the Actor-Network Theory with the networks of actors andactants. These theories further develop Post-anthropocentric International Relationswith the center on ecological system.This project attempts to focus on three topics: to explore the InternationalRelations’ metatheoretical reflection that the New Materialism provoked; tocomparatively analyze Complex International Relations,Posthuman InternationalRelations, and Actor-Network Theory to explain the insights and limitationsof the New Materialism; and to reflect on their influences in internationalrelations.