再論具體的方法錯誤

討論具體的方法錯誤時，必須明確錯誤論與故意論是表裡關係；各種學說都不能將自己的結論當作理由，不得將具體的方法錯誤置換為概括故意或間接故意等情形（反之亦然），不應將解釋論上的不妥當結論歸責于立法。法定符合說並不違反責任主義，數故意說適應處理具體案件的現實需要（具體符合說也可能採取數故意說），符合構成要件的類型化特點，沒有將故意的認識內容過度抽象化；認為法定符合說導致對防衛行為造成第三者傷亡的案件成立故意殺人罪的觀點，是對法定符合說的誤解。具體符合說存在明確的缺陷：在難以區分對象錯誤與方法錯誤的場合導致處罰的恣意性；不能確定符合的“具體”程度，或者所確定的“具體”程度不能適用於所有案件；不能解決選擇性要素時的認識錯誤問題。對具體的方法錯誤的處理，不能簡單地接受德國刑法理論的結論，因為德國刑法採取主觀的未遂犯論，而我國刑法並非如此。倘若採取客觀的未遂犯論，就不可能堅持具體符合說。

When discussing the concrete method mistake, we must be clear about the exterior-interior relationship between the theory of mistake and the theory of intention. Any theory cannot justify itself with its own conclusions. Concrete method mistake cannot be replaced by different circumstances such as general purpose or indirect intend, and vice versa. Any inappropriate conclusion deducted from theoretical interpretation should not be attributed to the legislation. The doctrine of legally prescribed accord is not against the principle of liability. The theory of numerous intentions adapts to the practical needs of specific cases, and this theory can also be adopted through the doctrine of concrete accord. The doctrine of legally prescribed accord confirms to the typology of constitutive elements of the crime and it doesn't make excessive abstraction of the content of intention. Suggestions that the doctrine of legally prescribed accord shall establish the crime of intentional homicide for defense conduct that causes injury or death to a third partymisunderstand the doctrine of legally prescribed accord. There are clearly defaults in the doctrine of concrete accord: in those circumstances where it is difficult to distinguish object mistake from method mistake, it will result in arbitrary punishment; it is hard to determine the degree of ‘concrete’ or such kind of degree of ‘concrete’ cannot be applied in all criminal cases; and if there are selective constitutional elements involved in a case, the doctrine of concrete accord cannot be applied in this case. For concrete method mistake, we must not simply adopt conclusions deducted from the German criminal law theory because the German criminal law takes subjective theory for the crime of attemptwhile our criminal law adopts a different theory. If we take objective theory for the crime of attempt, we cannot stick to the doctrine of concrete accord.